Trafficking Of Drugs Essay Example for Free

Trafficking Of medicines EssayIntroduction interchange Asia is one of the functions that international groups atomic number 18 focusing on. Aside form the ch whollyenges of establishing its independence it settle fell faces today, it also has to deal with the internal struggles of layructuring aff able groundworks. The primordial Asiatic sections undeniable value is its strategic geographic position in the midst of Asia and Europe (Esfandiari, 2004). The stability of interchange Asia is seen as a key reckon than net ease tensity in the constituent, enhance work and stabilize the political structure. The preponderance of the illegal medicate industry is considered as one of the major deterrents for stabilization in the vicinity (Cornell, 2006). The elimination of illegal do dosess is a global relate. The united Nations (UN) is signing to stamp down the international disdain of illegal medicines by 2008 (UN common aggregation, 1998). The prevalenc e of the illegal do doses trade industry is seen as non just an issue of abomination pr change surfacetion besides also as a geographical, companionable and political issue that affects the stability of nations and the security of the international community. profound Asia has a hanker history of trans- casting relations. The neighborhood ahs been defined more than than than by its political versus geographic delineations. This has contributed to the richness of the region in terms of culture and relations. However, this also reflects that the security of put offs is not a diachronic aptitude for the region and underway elude problems whitethornbe a consequence of this historical predicament The chief producers of opium and opium-derivates drugs in Asia is the lucky trilateral in South East Asia consisting of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand and the Golden Crescent consisting of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Be shit of the boldness of Afghanistan as the primary pro ducer of opium in the area and the consequent control of the trade in the Golden triplicity, the Golden Crescent has become the region of greater concern (Saidazimova, 2005).An early(a)(a) critical factor in the demand for better control of the drug trade in Central Asia is because of the indication from studies that bulk of the drugs in Europe is being sourced from the region. The concern for supreme the illegal drug trade however has a more important motivation for the countries in the region. Researches conducted by the UNs say-so on medicates and Crime (UNODC) choose indicated the link of the drug trade to terrorism and hatred (UNODC, 2006a). The proliferation of drugs and related shame has operatively affected the economy and the stability of the region, naughtily detrimental to efforts in create the region as a major business hub for Asia and Europe.Central Asian medicine trading horse parsley von Humboldt was the offshoot to refer to the region as Central Asia. As seen in descriptor 2, the concept what makes up the region has changed together with the current powers in the region. The region for the roughly develop of the century was under Soviet Rule. Borders were redefined after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and succeeding wars and conflicts in the region (Afghanistan, 2006) The innovative concept of the geographic region implys Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Western China, nonetheast Iran, Afghanistan and Western Pakistan. The region has suffered inveterate incidents of well-bred personnel from ethnical and militant groups (Olcott Udalova, 2000). After the family 11th bombings, the US invasion of Afghanistan put the region into the limelight. In the course of this global scrutiny, the international community has realized the key routine that the region plays in the establishment of stability and security in the region and the Middle East. Another issue that became a hig hlight is the step-up significance of the region in the opium and heroin drug trade ( join Nations Information Service UNIS, 2005). The problem of drug trafficking in the region break ined its current structure after the Cold War. One of the key factors that is an imperative concern in the region is border management and security. The lack of economic opportunities is also an underlying factor in the pervasiveness of illegal drug business and distribution (Cornell, 2006).The growing presence of crime groups is also capitalizing on the illegal drug trade to finance its operations. The region has seen a direct correlation of the trade with cross-border crime, trafficking or arms and people, money laundering and terrorism. Swanstrom (2001) oral sexs outs that the concern in the region is not only in its persona a major producer but the greater concern should be focused in its role as a transit point. He estimates that the region depart not be able to develop unless it maiden s tops being the preferred channel of packing drugs.The region is home to a rich ethnic history. The region which is the key element of the Eurasian continent represents a marriage of cultures of the East and West. Ethnic groups standardised Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, British and the Soviets. The regions of Central Asia, particularly the Soviet beas be the ones that most industrialized and essential infrastructure. However these regions bring on also experiences a high degree of cultural repression. This has constituted a psychology distrust of governing body in valuing local leaderships more (Central Asia, 2006).Afghanistan Afghanistan serves as the gateway to Asia and the Middle East. It has been a focal point for trade dating back to the beginnings of caramel caravans and the Silk Road. As a nation, it was established by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 and was part of the United Kingdoms territories until the early 20th century. The conclusion of th e Anglo-Afghan war in 1919 restored the nations independence. The land embodimentd in the international once more when it was invaded by Russia in 1979. After the onanism of Russia in the 1990s, the Taliban, a fundamentalist Muslim group that traces its origins in Iran and Pakistan took control of the outlandish.The Taliban control conduct 90% of the province plot of land the remaining 10% was under the control of resistance forces led by Ahmad Shah Massoud. Massoud was assassinated in September 9, 2001 two days before the bombing of the World Trade Center in the United States. well-nigh believe that Osama Bin Laden, leader of the extremist Al Qaeda ordered his assassination as a schema in the event that the US partner with the Afghan resistance forces against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The US led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 in pursuit of Bin Laden, Al Qaeda has deposed the Taliban and has supported the Presidency of Hamid Karzai. The republic today is still hosting th e NATO troops authorized in December 2001 by the UNs Security Council as part of an effort to establish the authority and leadership of the new Afghan governing (Afghanistan, 2006). In Figure 5, it is shown that Afghanistan today is the undeniable leader the opium and heroin market. This, together with its strategic geographic position in the region makes it the keystone in the drug trade in Central Asia (UN Security Council, 2003). It is estimated that the country now supplies 75% of the field wide market, one third of which ends up in Europe.There has been success in the aras of husbandry but the production from the products has not diminished proportionately (McDermott, 2006). According to Lubin (2001), the farming of opium is remaining a fix in rural agricultural because of the lack of economic opportunities for farmers. The presence of felonious networks in Afghanistan, like the rest of the other countries in the region, is discouraging foreign investment (Swanstrom, 200 3). The criminal groups are also being credit with interfering with the government, inciting insurgency and encouraging corruption. The UN has sponsored designs to insure the issues that are escalating the drug trade in the country. The primary heading is to decrease production with the combination of impelling regulation and providing support for farmers in the country. Through the Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UN ODCCP), programs are also trying to place criminal groups establish in the country, the region and the Golden Triangle. Consequently, the conduct that are link to Afghanistan are also become the target of international police programs (Lubin, 2001)Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan traces its origins to a mix of Kipchak and Mongol ancestry that settled in Russias Tuva region approximately in the 10th century. When the Mongol empire took possession of the territory of the Kyrgyz people, they opted to operate southward seeking refuge from the Mongol Hordes. It was in the 1400s that the Kyrgyz emerged as a group and was incorporated into the Russian territories reservation up its Empire. The Russian put one acrossover was meant with significant resistance and fractioned the Kyrgyz people to Afghanistan, the Pamir region and China. The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was founded in 1919 and in December 5, 1936, it was officially accepted as a republic of the Soviet Union.Tension in the Osh Oblast betwixt Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in 1990 marked the beginning of a series of violent confrontations that lasted from June to August of the year. Order was restored due to significant reforms and a new leadership in the government. It was also at this time that the country joined people of Independent States which was made up of the Central Asian Republics. Before the end of 1990, the Supreme Soviet formally changed the name of the ground to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan which in 1993 became the Kyrgyz Republic.More recent emergences in the country include the Tulip mutation in March 2005 that forced the resignation of Askar Akayev and installed Kurmanbek Bakiyev as President and Minister Feliks Kulov as Prime Minister. The country has yet been able to stabilize politics in the country. This has stunted growth in the country and at the same time has encouraged crime and militant and terrorist groups. There is still significant inter-ethnic tension, historically a perennial concern for the nation, affecting civil order and compromising security and efficiency of government (Kyrgyzstan, 2006). Kyrgyzstans involvement in the drug trade in Central Asia is not in cultivation or production. The role of the country in the drug trade lies in its strategic viability to transport drugs to Europe from the major produces such as Afghanistan. Turkmenistan and Tajikistan feel historically been more involved in the transport of drugs form Central Asia as well as those from South East Asia.However, as drug traffickers expand their operations in the region, Kyrgyzstan along with Kazakhstan, is becoming another key channel for the drug trade (Kyrgyzstan Confronted by Narcotics Nightmare As Drug Trade Booms, 2006). As seen in Table 1, opiate seizures in the country remain comparatively pocket-sized and stable compared with its neighbors. This indicates that though there are significant amounts at any devoted time of opiates and its derivatives in Kyrgyzstan (UNODC, 2006b), there are very few seizures. This may be an indication that its presence is more transitory. resembling with the situation of farmers in Afghanistan, one of the reasons for the prevalence of the trade is lack of economic opportunity. More significantly in Kyrgyzstan rather than in Afghanistan is the security of its borders. The existing civil unrest in the country has limited the resources to monitoring device the security of its borders, easing the transportation of not only drugs but also arms and people (Burke, 2001). As a country that only post a per capita income of $2,900, among the lowest in the world, drug trafficking provides an irresistible tempt to the impoverished citizens (Swanstrom, 2001). The country has been one of the first to establish anti-narcotics and supporting trafficking laws. For a long time, the laws acted more as prevention rather than actual part of policing efforts. Traffickers previously concentrated on Turkmenistan and Tajikistan in transporting drugs. However, the industry has bountiful in the region so much that crime organizations are trying to expand the channels lendable to them (Marat, 2006).Saidazimova (2005) has pointed out that the existing drugs in the region are not just the one produced there but is also made up of drugs from the Golden Triangle. Following the international operations of a transnational corporation, dealers are competing not just for the availability but also the control of the channels of distribution. Thus, many of the drug syndicates are trying to develop new transpor t systems and indications from studies conducted by the UN and EU are showing that Kyrgyzstan is becoming a popular option for them (Swanstrom, 2001)Impact of the Drug Trade In theory, crime is primarily a concern for the police. However, because of the desire of organized crime to create the conditions that suit them, they try to undermine government, security and civil society. If the assure is secure and has the necessary infrastructure for administration or governance, and then it can mange and deter the machinations of organized crime.In the case of Central Asian countries, this is not a capability that is readily available. The presence of organized crime that is responsible for the illegal drug trade has undermined the security, state institutions, encouraged the corruption, political instability and violence, and has exacerbated relations among the countries in the region (Cornell, 2006).SecurityThe drug trade is profiting from the uncommon resources allotted for the admi nistration of the countries borders. Because of the lack or border patrols, the transport of the drugs has been made easier for the traffickers. Land-based transport has been traditionally avoided by traffickers because it was considered riskier than air or sea freight (Esfandiari, 2004). It has increase in viability that even the Golden Triangle is choosing Central Asia to traffic their drugs instead of following the unwritten historical territorial jurisdiction of their operations (Saidazimova, 2005). Better drug control programs against the Golden Triangle down been effective in limiting transportation of drugs produced in the region. At the same time, the crackdown on production has been effective in diminishing the industry in the region (see Figure 5).Security in the areas of the country were the drug trade has its strongholds has severely compromised state and civil security. Reports in Afghanistan of syndicates attacking security convoys, both those of the Afghan government and UN forces are prevalent (Drug Industry Threatens to Derail Afghanistans State Building, 2006). At first, the attacks were attributed to Taliban forces but recent education from investigations in the affected areas reveal that a significant number of the forces were either a combination of Taliban and drug syndicates or just the syndicates themselves (Nazemroaya, 2006).In the case of Kyrgyztan, prior to the Tulip Revolution, there have been reports in the national text file that crime syndicates were fetching control of rural areas in the country amidst the political disorder in the countrys capitals (Kyrgyztan, 2006). The country is very vulnerable in its stage today investor confidence and industries has to be construct up significantly. Analysts believe that unless the country can be able to address its security issues, very pocket-sized progress can be achieved in this objective (Esfandiari, 2004). This is one of the motivation of drug syndicates to provoke crime so tha t legitimate business do not develop in competitor with their enterprise.State Institutions The government is dealing with the trade not just as its protagonist but also internally. In both Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan, there has been some concern regarding the link of government officials to the drug trade. The weak presence of government in remote regions is also becoming an advantage for the drug syndicates.According to Olcott and Udalova (2000), in some areas, the traffickers are even presenting themselves as the legitimate government. Some do not even bother with subterfuge and simply sweep over the locals for their operations. More alarming is that some local even begin supporting these groups because they seemingly provide livelihood to them temporary hookup at the same time become more real to them than the legitimate government so far away in their respective nations capitals (UNIS, 2005).In Afghanistan, the Taliban has long been linked to the syndicates. This implies that even if the Taliban were not dynamic in terrorist activities, its role as a government institution is marred by its link to the drug trade. Some have even implied that the profit from the opium trade during the Taliban occupation, estimated to have ranged between US$ 10 gazillion to US$ 75 million, was one of the core partnerships the organization has with the Al Qaeda (Lubin, 2001).In Kyrgyztan, there have also been claims of the link of some government officials to the Russian mafia concerned with the drug trade. The weakness of state institutions has been credited with the expansion of the drug trade channel linking Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia with the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang and Yunnan (Swanstrm, 2003). putrescence Related to the link of government officials directly or indirectly to the drug trade is the problem of corruption. decomposition can be in the form asking favors in the form of leniency as vengeance for support to the official. Another form of corruption is the utilization of proceeds from the trade as protection and bonus (UNODC, 2006a). One of the deterrents in addressing the drug trafficking problem is the execution of the intervention programs.The UNs Security Council has pointed out that in order to be able to effectively to deal with the problem, government has to be able to show its unity and authority. If government efforts are perceived as corruptible then instead of discouraging the drug traffickers, it may even be an encouragement for them. The issue does not even require that a government is resolutely corrupt, the mere state of being more corrupt than another nation, regardless of actual prevalence, can significantly increase a countrys preference to the drug trade.The using of the drug trade in Kyrgyztan has been associated with the corrupt Russian military officers who were based in Tajikistan. Both the United Nations and the European Union extension them to have developed the cultivation in the coun try as well as established the channels of transportation (Maitra, 2005). None of these claims have been admitted to by the Russian military or have been supported by any study.Regardless of whether the claims are true or not, this only reflects the perception of corruption as linked with the prevalence of the drug trade in the country. According to studies conducted by the UN, the decline of the routes in Iran because due to more effective programs against corruption on its borders has increased the attractiveness of Afghani routes (UNODC, 1999). This, like with the developments in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, have established a route that corruption has encouraged not only for drugs but also for all other forms of contraband.Political Instability and ViolenceDrug traffickers incite and practice violence to coerce people into the trade. This is a strategy to protect their activities as well as to accumulate power. Recent studied have indicated that drug trafficking is the preferred c ash cow of most criminal organizations an is only to be expected that they are more than willing to engage in violence to protect it (Maitra, 2005).Tamara Makarenko of the University of Saint Andrews in Scotlands Center for the field of Terrorism and Political Violence says that competition among the criminal networks in the trade is also a endorser to the level of violence (Esfandiari, 2005). This level of violence has severely affected the political stability warlords are taking over government positions there has been censorship of the real prevalence of drugs and the control of resources (UN Security Council, 2003).Makarenko has alluded that the sheer order of the drug trade has effectively affected all levels of the political system, from the citizenry to the states themselvesThe trade itself is so spacious in Central Asia now and there are so many different types of people and groups involved, that the strategy that has to be considered is one that involves all different l evels To tackling this as a political problem and to say there is no populate to compromise with warlords (Esfandiari, 2005).He further alludes to the situation in Afghanistan as one that ask political will to r all(prenominal) grassroots of the society since the countrys main concern is production and cultivation (Esfandiari, 2005). Another spectrum that has to be considered is that unless the region is able to become more politically stable and control violence, then little progress in achieving peace and prosperity can be achived which in drama can contribute to further political instability and violence. EU External Relations military commissioner Chris Patten told impertinently independent Central Asian countries like Kyrgyzstan are of strategic magnificence to Europe and EU refinement will allow us to strengthen political and economic ties with the region, while making clear that a sustainable and fruitful relationship requires tangible steps to consolidate civil righ ts and the rule of law. (Maitra, 2005).Inter-Regional RelationsAs international pressure to control the drug trade increases, countries are becoming pressured to control trafficking in give-and-take for funding from relief organizations. This has prompted the development of tension in the region as to whose country is not being effective in solving the drug trade in its borders. Historically, the region has already had significant border issues and the drug trade which relies on trans-border operations is highlighting this conflict (Threat present from the Convergence of unionised Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism, 2000). The link or organized crime groups to terrorism are also change magnitude the inter-regional pressure. With the international crackdown on terrorism, nations fear that they will become identified with terrorists or that they become caught in the waiver line of the pursuit against them.An example for this kind of development was shown when the Taliban came into power in Afghanistan in 1996. In the cause of transporting the opium produced in Afghanistan, traffickers took virtual control of the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. In defense of the problem of drug trafficking in Kyrgyztan, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev is pointing out that the country has a low cultivation and production level of opium and that it is being wrong the ineffectivity of the drug programs of its neighbors (Swanstrom, 2001).In 2003, the Central Asian region expressed its concern when US troops associate with known Afghan warlords in pursuing Taliban cells. The concern for is rooted from the identification of these warlords as drug traffickers. (Maitra, 2005). This move has embossed concerns that Afghanistans drug lords, who control most of the drug trades in the region, are being given concessions for their support to US Forces. The development has contributed to the perception that regional cooperation is not feasible and that nations have to guard th eir backs against each other in the war against the drug trade.The Future of the Drug Trade The UNs goals of globally eradicating drugs are not anymore an achievable target. One weakness of the programs is that it focused on the trade itself. The focus was in policing the trade, apprehending traffickers and eliminating the channels of trade (Nazemroaya, 2006). Though the efforts have been earnest, it failed to address the nature of the drug problem in Central Asia. Programs that were designed were more like programs to eliminate the use of drugs. In Central Asia, only 10% of the drugs produced are consumed locally, it more economic to transport it to Europe and Russia (Kyrgyz State Commission on Drug Control, 1999). The United Nations, European Union and Central Asian countries have reviewed their programs to address the roots of the drug problem in the region. The individualized programs in Central Asia is trying to alleviate the hold of drug syndicates in rural area, particular ly the wide cultivation of opium in Afghanistan and the developing role of Kyrgyzstan in the transport of opium produced in Afghanistan. Programs include the creation of economic opportunities in the problem areas, strengthening government in the areas and demilitarization of criminal groups (Olcott Udalova, 2000).Trends According to studies conducted by the UNODC, the prevalence of opiate drugs is relatively stable however this elan is not being reflected in Central Asia. This implies that though the world trend is declining because of better control in key regions like the Golden Triangle, the Golden Crescent trade is still prospering if not benefiting by international drug control (UNODC, 1999). Before, the main means of measuring prevalence has been the seizure rates but the UN and the EU have now incorporated rehabilitation indicators to assess the pervasiveness of the drug abuse. To measure the reach how much of the drugs produced is being consumed by the market. From the s urvey of drugs users seeking rehabilitation from opiate use, it can be inferred that more people are gaining access to the products form Central Asia. As illustrated in Figure 6, the increase of those seeking opiate rehabilitation has increased except in Africa by as much as 32%. It is exhibiting the highest incidence in rehabilitation from 2000 to 2006 (UNODC, 2006a). The Border Management programme in Central Asia (BOMCA) and the Central Asian Drug Action Programme (CADAP) are becoming the key action bodies addressing drug trafficking in the region. Their first part of the programs were concentrating on creating assessment reports on border management capacities, cookery for management and policing and the possible areas of cooperation not only within the region but also with the EU and the UN. (BOMCA, 2005). In 2004, the BOMCA and CADAP worked with legislation of laws and upgraded training programs for border patrol in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The prog rams were conducted in cooperation with EU border police officers and included strategic and computer engineering science training. Saidazimova (2005) points out that the region respond to this challenge independently as nations and as a region. The control of the Golden Triangle trade can provide insights to the strategies necessary for strategies. The approach should involve a global placement but a local approach. The drug trade in Central Asia will continue to figure prominently in the EUs concerns and is a strategic element in dictatorial drugs in Europe, particularly opiates. Analysts believe that most programs and actions that will be enforce will be by non-Central Asian interest groups like the EU and the UN because the region itself has limited resources to dent the trade activities.Strategies The current action in addressing the drug trade today is taking a multi-faceted approach. The strategy seems to be combat the problems at all levels at the same time. The objectiv e is to suffocate the drug trade and break linkages so that it becomes fragmented. This will address the viability of the trafficking and in turn will remove the profit from cultivation and production (UN Security Council, 2003). Consider the BOMCA-CADAP strategy. Their programs include high-level advice and guidance in upgrading legislation, to delivering expertise in airport security, or the use of dogs to detect drugs. This considers the importance of the political and executive will to implement control programs. Through these efforts that essential legislation and infrastructures are developed to address the situations. Without the requisite legislation that is uniform in the regions countries, there will not be a comprehensive deterioration of the trade.Differential legislation may make one country become a haven for the traffickers when punishment is perceived to be more lenient. The establishment of the needed infrastructure to address the problem operationally is also seen as key factor. When border patrols dont have the capability to pursue and apprehend traffickers, it makes the effort wasted. If the border patrols are outgunned or out-resourced by the traffickers, they are not only endangered but also can enhance the position of the traffickers as powers in the region (BOMCA, 2005). The EUs participation in the fight has shifted from border control to the creation of programs addressing the economic and social factors underlying the drug trade. Studies have indicated that if programs are cventerd on border dontrol, traffickers only deveise new ways to transport the drugs. This additional risk has even the effect of jacking up prices and in turn makes the trade even more lucrative (Nazemroaya, 2006). The EU is also providing support to regional programs such as BOMCA-CADAP by providing technical training support as well. An effort by EU Member States led by Austria is providing funding and program development in the region (BOMCA, 2005). On the par t of the UN, there are several of its branches that are providing the needed research and information for the development of the programs. Among these branches are the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UNIS and the UNODC. The UNDP is formulating the programs to address the economic and industrial development of rural areas in the region to attack the problem at the production level (UNODC, 1999). The programs are focusing on development of agriculture and the other legitimate industries.One of the major developments to be undertaken in the side by side(p) five years is the utilization of the same drug trade routes to make transport hubs to Europe for products from Continental Asia. On the other hand the UNODC is conduting a regional and coutry survey of the actual prevalence of the opium trade. One of the first parts of their study included the grading of cultivation in the region (UNODC, 2006a). The nest level of the studiest they are to conduct will be grease toward the identif ication of specific criminal activites to the trade.This is an effort to understand further the link of activities like terrorism and money laundering to drug trafficking in the region. The UNIS primary objectives for the next bracing of year sis to provide information regarding the accomplishment of the 2008 UN General Assembly Special Sessions drug control objectives. The UNIS is providing important information to individual countries who can not afford to conduct the studies themselves while at the same time establishing correlation that can provide insights for the programs (UNIS, 2005)Conclusion Significant increase in the global production and trading of opium and coca derived drugs were first taken note of in the 1970s and last decreased in momentum by the 1990s (Burnham Burnham, 1997). The probability that the objectives set by the UNs General Assembly for 2008 can be achieved based on current levels of illegal drug trafficking is unlikely.We can take comfort that control of the trade is possible. In the first couple of years of the century, Afghanistan was able to bring down opium production due to enforcement of the Taliban (Drug Industry Threatens to Derail Afghanistans State Building, 2006). However, the means by which the Taliban was able to affect the development is not one that can be considered an option by the UN or other states it enables violent persecution that in the course of its objectives victimized innocent farmers as well (Lubin, 2001). The drug trade and rafficking in the region as Svante E Cornell says is one that is the result of the complex evolution of organized crime as a security challenge in Eurasia (p.29). The drug trades effect of developing duskiness economies affords it opportunities to infiltrate legitimate institutions in the society and even take control of it. When this happens, the state becomes at the benevolence of criminal elements whose central concern is profit.In Kyrgyzstan, the effect of the drug trade has not just raised concerns against the prevalence of a crime but also has significantly affected the stability of the country. The Kyrgyz have had success in being able to achieve progress in crating the necessary policies mainly thorough its fortunate social activists but it has yet been able to successful stem the infiltration of drug organization in its economy (Burke, 2001). Though no specific data is available, local media has been vocal in its concerns and they seem to have a reason to be concerned (Cornell, 2006). According to initial information gather by studies conducted by the UNODC, there may be a factual basis to media fears expressed in Kyrgyzstan (UNODC, 1999).Of all the nations in the region, Afghanistan poses the greatest challenge and the greatest potential of creating an impact against the world trade of drugs that is centered in the Central Asian Region. If the cultivation of the opium is effectively reduced in Afghanistan the world supply of the material can be e ffectively reduced. The action must be decisive, otherwise, it only increase the status of drug traffickers in the region among the local people.Makarenko believes that, There is no room to compromise with known drug traders. There is no room to compromise with corrupt officials. We have to clean things up today because if we dont, this becomes ingrained within society (Esfandiari, 2005). all(prenominal) effort has to be done from Afghanistan becoming a narco-state. This will not only deter the development of Afghanistan but also of the rest of the region not to mention the prevalence of opium in the rest of world (Cornell, 2006).In conclusion, it is the prevalent and progressive feebleness of the states in Central Asia because of civil conflicts is the factor that has commenced the development of criminal activities in the region. The success of the drug organizations is primarily because of the lack of economic opportunities in the region where they are most prevalent. This anoth er reason why framers become involved in the trade the farming of opium poppies is more profitable than any other produce and in a country where all supplies are so scarce and overpriced, it has become the only means of survival.RecommendationsPrograms in the region should focus on increasing stability in the countries in the region. localize should be given on Afghanistan because it is pivotal in controlling of the supply of opium as well as on Kyrgyzstan because it provides the chance to create a model for control. If the development of the trade in Kyrgyzstan is controlled in its beginning stages, it can provide fundamental elements to the proliferation of the trade.Kyrgyzstan has the potential of creating the strategies needed because of a proactive civil social that has previously successful in bringing forth change in the society. There has been more vocalized concerning the infiltration of syndicates into the government and businesses. Regional programmers should capitalize on this unique opportunity to crate the effective agenda against the drug trade.The pivotal factor in the battle against drug trafficking in the region and the rest of the world is the control of the production in Afghanistan. To be able to do this, government infrastructures have to established and enforced in rural areas of the country.The UNs various objectives to support the economic recovery of the country should be continued. Focus on developing communication in identified key areas is essential to create response units that can properly control the problem. The US action of partnering with warlords who have links with the drug trade should not be encouraged. Afghanistan is at a stage that it is trying to establish its authority and sovereignty and consorting with the elements that undermine this can severely deter progress in the country.The ultimate solution to the problem can only be achieved by determined and definitive programs. Programs should reflect the urgency of the situation. Programs should be able to address all levels of the trade through creating preventive measures as well developmental elements like education, rehabilitation and cooperation. Unless the programs gain the support of civil society, then the program will not be able to achieve their full potential. Also, programs should take into consideration more than geopolitical elements into the proposed solutions. The regions cultural history and experience have combined to create a society that is prone to factionalism but at the same time has a sense of cultural individuality that is unique and beyond boundaries.The international community must to take the concerns in the region as if it was their own. Central Asian states do not have the resources to tackle the problem themselves. However, this does not diminish the urgency of controlling the drug trade that amplifies crime, empowers adulterous activities and terrorism and destabilizes the state. Insurgent, criminal and terrorist organizations will continue to engage in illicit drug activities because of the magnitude of the financial gains that can be sourced from it. Unless people are given alternatives for livelihood, cultivation will continue. Unless government and civil society work together in politically, socially and ethnically sensitive program, no real success can be achieved.ReferencesAfghanistan (2006). Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 4, 2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfghanistanBorder Management Programme In Central Asia (BOMCA) (2005). Boosting Border Management Drug Control In Central Asia. Brussels, Belgium BOMCACornell, Svante E. (2006). The Narcotics Threat in Greater Central Asia From Crime-Terror Nexus to State Infiltration?. 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