Victim Precipitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Victim Precipitation - Essay Example In his writings, Von Hentig pointed out that victim is also an influencing factor in a crime and the study of the victim's participation on the crime would beneficial as it will result in future crime prevention (van Dijk, 1997). Just like Von Hentig, Mendelsohn also pointed out the role played by the victims in crimes. One example of this is by aggravation. "For Mendelsohn, a defense counsel, victim precipitation was a mitigating circumstance in meting out punishment for the offender" (van Dijk, 1997). In modern times however, the term "victim" has many connotations. "It is not unusual to hear the word "victim" paired with a wide range of human experiences: cancer victims, holocaust victims, accident victims, victims of injustice, hurricane victims, crime victims, and others." These connotations sometimes brought up the "visual images of suffering, devastation and often individual heroism or endurance in the face of powerful destructive forces" (Karmen, 1990; Theoretical Perspectives of Victimology and Critical Research, 2004). "One commonality has come to apply to virtually all usages of the term victim: That an individual has suffered injury and harm by forces beyond his or her control, and not of his or her personal responsibility" (Theoretical Perspectives of Victimology and Critical Research, 2004). The concept of victim precipitation has become so controversial because it lessens the responsibility of the offender of a crime. Many victims don't like the idea that they are partly to be blame for the crime that somebody did to them. One essential criticism of victim precipitation concept in victimology is that blaming the victims as well as the offenders for the crime that occurred. Historically, Mendelsohn also believe in victim's participation in a crime in his early writings. With regards to women victims, this issue is particularly controversial. "This criticism against victimology was voiced most clearly by feminist researchers, for example in reviews of Amir's study of victim precipitation in rapes". "The notion that victims by their provoking behavior triggered their victimization by male victimizers - and in fact deserved to be victimized- is part of the patriarchal mindset which is at the root of many of such crimes. By focusing on the victim's involvement attention is diverted from the structural causes of violence against women" (van Dijk, 1997). Furthermore, the concept of victim precipitation also "emerged in cases of parricide and homicide of batterers by abused spouses" which further blur the clear distinction between the term "victims" and "offenders". Defenders of battered women realize the issue firsthand and help propagate the "battered woman syndrome defense to defend women who killed or seriously injured a spouse or partner after enduring years of physical, emotional and/or sexual abuse" (Theoretical Perspectives of Victimology and Critical Research, 2004). Furthermore, several lawyers, in defending adolescent offenders who murdered their parent, have also use the theories of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to give a clear evidence of the underlying reasons for the crime. Criminal cases like these are

Corporate Finance Company Profile Ebay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Finance Company Profile Ebay - Essay Example A significant boost is recorded in the year 2008 mainly due to the control on revenue expenditures and also on the fixed charges which are in the form of interest expense. The credit mainly goes to the management who has taken corrective measures like controlling fixed and operating expenses which have made a significant impression on eBay’s net income. The slight increment in cash and cash equivalent in the year 2008 with 20% as compared to the year 2007, may be a result of the fact that the company has invested in securities, paying-off liabilities, etc. It is quite obvious that management has been able to implement effective cash management techniques. The cash flow of eBay from 2006 to 2008 suggests that its operating activities are slightly high in the year 2008, amounting to $2,881,995m in comparison with the rest of the years, due to its massive business volume and operations; there has been an increase in the operating activities of the company. EBay’s management has, however, made huge investments in property plant and equipment, because of which its investing activities are higher in the year 2008, primarily, due to the principal loans receivable, in comparison with the years 2006 and 2007. eBay’s financing activities mainly consist of repurchases of common stock. The sole reason behind treasury stock is to regain the market position by increasing the value of its stock. eBay’s management has never paid cash dividends on their stocks and also there is no clear indication of it happening in the near future. And hence it is impossible to observe the dividend yield and dividend growth pattern of eBay (Annual Reports, 2008). Due to the expansion in the business company require some fixed asset for maximum use of the resources for uplifting the business operation and meets the customer demand so there is a slight variation in the year 2008 with respect to other years.