Moral Attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral Attitudes - Essay manakinIt is the customs, religion, family believes which makes a human mind clear and earn the incorrupt values of every social occasion and leads a life of broad(a) morality. If we talk about morality the first thought strikes our mind is about the pernicious deed like sex, drinking, stealing are non counted in good moral values stock-still on the same end the drinking and sex is done but ethically they are not consider as a good deed doing in excess or in outspoken places. straightway this may clear the difference of morality and ethics. Morality is the reckoning of pure mind and meaning to groom up the psycheality or the character of one but the ethics are the consequence to perform any action with respect to the laws and customs of the bon ton one is living in. And to any of the fraternity ethics it is unethical to impose your personal moral values on another, a quote by Jim Lichtman in his book What Do You Stand ForIn the book Ethics Theory and Practice, his generator Jacques P. Thiroux specifies different theories of morality like absolutism vs. relativism, freedom vs. determinism, and reward and punishment in different chapters. absolutism is a philosophical laid value of morals that are counted as independent ruling the laws of the connection universally. The reality that shows the human knowledge which is said that human is morally good because the inborn qualities were erected from the society he is born in. However this is totally erroneous according to the theory of relativism. Relativism defines that all the moral impact on the character and personality of the mankind is not due to his inborn knowledge but due to what the person is relating to. Though the relativism clearly denies the absolutism morality as psychologically it may seem so that the moral values ruling the character is in born but practically and through studies it changes with the time and situations or in simple words with the experiences ga ined in life.However, if personally speaking with the truth it is being seen that absolutism is not universal in spite relativism is. Reality is that sex is not morally good but at the same time in some other place sex is counted to be the best matter in life. Ethically doing sex in front of audience is not counted to be a good scene part but in some parts of the world parents themselves give training to their kids how to o it more properly and more enthusiastically. Same may be about the stealing and drinking. For every thing there are some rules and regulations which are to be abide, and those rules may are the ethics of that group but they cant become the absolute moral of any character al manners. Its a very common example that a person living in a very well known and high standard society where manner and adequate are its peak. Doing things like sex, drinking etc. in audience are counted to be unethical and immoral according to the beliefs of the people around him and even for himself as well. But at a time when his wife is no more in his life, his daughter left him due to a tough boy and run to marry him and his one and only son dont regards him and he further more bewildered his business, so this down fall in his life does not allow him to see another way then to take out his frustration after drinking much and much that goes out of limits. Now this wasnt something the absolute morality has to do with it but the relativism morality gets in his

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The renascence Man in Michelangelo - Essay ExampleDiscussing the three works --- their similarities and differences --- will help evaluate if Michelangelo indeed is able to position vast talent in several different blind states. THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 3 The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Renaissance is a big part in the history of art. Here, art was reborn through the rediscovery of Greco-Roman tradition. The word renaissance itself came from the term la rinascita, meaning rebirth. (Rubin, 2006, p.563) During this period, pieces of art substantial from the supernatural to the natural, as mans expansion of the scientific knowledge progressed. Study of human beings and scientific research caused societies to rely more in the self (Rubin, 2006, p.565-6). The Renaissance era spanned for two centuries, with historians dividing it into three periods --- Quattrocento or Early Renaissance, lofty Renaissance, and Mannerism. If modern artists today take pride in being a m aster of a sealed field, Renaissance people are considered great if they are able to present great talent in several fields (Rubin, 2006, p.574-5). ... Even though his talent is mostly considered as only within the realm of arts, the mastery he showed in every piece of work in every discipline is abundant to make one understand that he is no ordinary Jack of All Trades (Emison and Chapman, 2006, p.508). He is considered a part of the High Renaissance period because there is naturalism in his works, there are no halos in religious pieces, and there is the balance between movement and stillness. There is also a great sense of harmony and balance in his works, which are both lineaments of Renaissance work. Furthermore, the Renaissance period is characterized by private or government funded art THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 4 commissions, as compared to the parking lot practice of art commissions by religious sectors (Rubin, 2006, p.576-7). Statue of David is among Michelangel os sculptures, and perhaps can be considered one of the most famed sculptures in the world. The Guild of Wool Merchant commissioned Michelangelo to create the Statue of David. As mentioned above, private commissions became the norm during the Renaissance period particularly for sculptures, especially due to its high cost. This sculpture breaks away from the traditional way of presenting David (Allen, 2001, p.18). In Michelangelos sculpture, he does not show David as a winner, but rather as a early days just about to gain power right before the fight. This technique is also a characteristic of the Renaissance period, and Michelangelo brilliantly created the image of balance between stillness and movement by creating a sculpture that is both calm and smooth, yet dynamic and combat-ready (Allen, 2001, p.19). The tendons and the muscles of Davids

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Accounting - Essay drillOn April 16, 2010 the fellowship release a news story that showcase one of its new advanced products called milk bags. The news release may have influenced the price of the common stock.J Sainsbury plc is the United earths biggest player in the food industry with a market share of 16%. In 2009 the company achieved total revenues of 18,911 one million million pounds. The revenue total was 6% higher than in 2008. Normally great revenues lead to better bottom line results. In the case of Sainsbury the greater revenues did not help the company improve its performance since its net profits decreased between 2009 and 2008. In 2009 the sign of the zodiac had net income of 289 million pounds, a figure that is 40 million pounds raze than the previous year. The net margin of the company was 1.53%, magical spell the industry norm is 1.4% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2010). The return on equity and return on assets of the company were 6.88% and 2.88%. Both figures were low er than the industry average of 11.9% and 5.5% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2010). The current ratio of the company which shows that ability of the firm to pay its short call debt was 0.55. The current ratio industry norm is 1.9 (Dun & Bradstreet, 2010). The results means the firm is underperforming in comparison with the industry and that the firm is at risk of having cash flow problems. The stock price of the company during April faced upwards tendencies. These types of driving are short term fluctuations. Based on the fact that the company is facing liquidity problems and the horrid profitability results in terms in relation to its assets and equity I would not invest in the common stock of

Manage Quality Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Manage graphic symbol Customer Service - Essay ExampleThe client service program focuses on enhancing flavor of the sting products offered to the customers. Snack products are not produced by Morning Star Bakery. These products are sourced in large quantities from the provider and stocked in inventories for later use. This fact causes a rise in customer dissatisfaction for provision of dusty snacks. Hence, inventories related to snacks need to be ordered from the suppliers depending on customer requirements and must not have a shelf life of more than 2 weeks. It would, thus, contribute in reducing inventory cost as well as enabling customers to avail the fresh snack products.Morning Star operates as a bakery store free radicald in Strathfield, New South Wales. It tends to operate as a long traditional hot bread bakery store that services the customers through on-site production and retailing. operational as a bakery store for 35 years, Morning Star aims to serve its customer ba se with different kinds of product offerings related to beverage products such as, coffee and tea varieties, soft drinks, snacks, blimp roll, centerfield pies and also croissants. Along with regional customers, Morning Star also serves the student communities hailing from different Asian countries like, Korea, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. The cable model of Morning Star tends to integrate both manufacturing and supply chain operations such that sausage rolls, meat pies and snack products are sourced from an experienced supplier company, Penrith.The mission of Morning Star concentrates upon generation of quality services and food products to the customers at affordable prices in order to help deliver adequate customer satisfaction. The company aims to produce the food products and deliver services in an ethical fashion such that the akin enhances the parameter of reliability and trust of the different stakeholders like, employees, customers and other social

Paper on business proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on strain proposal - Essay ExampleMost of the organizations utilize financial, informational, material and human resource to run their business. In most of the cases it has been seen that were there is disorientation and mismanagement of human resource, problem occurs and other resources are also non properly utilized. In this study the heighten would be on the tricky problems that business organizations encounter on daily basis. It has been noticed that these problems are usually those whose solutions are not so easily identifiable or they involve some form of controversy. Keeping in mind such issues, the study would begin with the sermon of the organization and its various day to day functions, the resources required for such functions, and the role of human resource in such situations. In order to describe the organization problems and discuss other significant aspects related to the functions and operations, a in truth famous Chinese folk appliance company, Haier has been chosen. Though Haier has a stable position in the market and it is a very well-known brand, yet big organizations are bound to face difficult situations every day, which we are going to focus in this study (Haier lnc, 2012). Business Organizational Problems Companies and organizations around the humanity are continuously striving to examine and improve their ways of conducting business, so as to introduce multi-business good example that would derive a good profit in the long run. The strategy implementation process is quiet down the same in most of the organizations. It includes methods related to the implementation of organizational design, combining the organizational structure, control and strengthen the culture of the organization for smooth functioning of the multibusiness model concept in the organization for increasing the profitability. In order to assess the problem areas, it is very principal(prenominal) to understand the organizational structure and the componen ts that comprised of the framework of the organization, the casting of the organization, such as tall or short. This helps a lot in determining the problem areas in organization. Next we come to integration of different approaches, different structures, business or regulations within the organization. This is also important because it assists in determining when did the problem occur or might occur in near future. thus in case of re-engineering the organizational structure of functions we can notice that unidentified issues come up which level(p) the management could not handle in the right manner (Ziegenfuss, 2001, p. 7-8). It has been noticed that organizational structure or financial issues are not always the root cause of the problems in the organization. Organizational culture is very important and it has been observed that every organization has its own unique set of culture, which differs from the other. Now based on the discussed reasons behind the organizational problems , we are going to understand the organizational problems of Haier, a famous Chinese home appliance. The first problem in Haier is regarding managing the human capital of the organization. In Haier even the exceptionally skilled employees are not rewarded adequately or motivated for his or her good work. Though the management considers it to be a part of their company policy, but it is proving itself as a bad employer among the human resource. Moreover, the approach of the company is to focus on individual efforts and performance, so there is no

Technology in classrooms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology in classrooms - Research Paper ExampleNevertheless, there has been a challenge in trying to get teachers to be comfortable and secure with their technology skills. This is particularly common with practical subjects such as social studies where technology applications would be accustomd for tutoring purposes (Shriner et al., 2010). There has been a categorization of issues, which influence integration of technology into classrooms they are curricular, social, environmental and personal aspects moreover, environmental aspects refer to elements such as administrative have a bun in the oven by the school, hardware and software. The social aspect focuses on the signifi loaferce of communities, to support technology in classrooms. The personal aspect relates to the individual fitpoint on technology by teachers and their willingness to adapt it. Lastly, curricular aspects relate to use of technology in specific tutorial settings. That is, how the learning materials are linke d with the course plans (Lih-Juan, 2007). It is widely attractive among different social communities and educators that educational practices command to prepare learners to flourish in the dynamic technological world, as it has gained acceptance. Hence, teachers are required to embrace technology and be willing to familiarize themselves with it. This will not save boost their confidence but also improve their teaching experiences as when applied effectively, technology enhances student learning, promotes shared learning and motivates them to seek more knowledge outside the classroom (Hubbel et al., 2012). In a childs play to encourage teachers to familiarize themselves with technology advances in the classroom, various learning institutions have asked teachers to view them as a means of further developing themselves professionally thus, this will advance their skills and knowledge. On the other hand, the learning institutions need to avail the necessary technologies to the teac hers and ensure they are up-to-date whilst making their teaching schedules flexible enough for them to replication the time to learn (Lih-Juan, 2007). Teaching tools that have come up due to advances in technology As aforementioned, there are the basic teaching tools that have been incorporated the internet, LCD projectors, smart boards, document cameras and digital cameras. The internet is obviously the most widely used teachers use it to access Web-based resources. The others offer visual helper in the classrooms, which is the key in deepening understanding. The LCD projector is mounted in classrooms, for teachers to deliver Power stagecoach presentations, share videos and other activities moreover, it allows information from a single computer to be usable in a large group setting. Over time, this has proven to be the method that makes students of this generation responsive. The document camera has replaced the honest-to-goodness overhead projectors and works hand in hand with the LCD projector. It enables teachers to magnify images and texts from diagrams, charts and textbooks for a better view by the students. The smart board enables charts, templates and diagrams to be rearranged, students can participate actively in the lesson and at the end, and it can be printed out as handouts for them. It requires lengthy training to use effectively but because of the eagerness it builds in students, teachers are

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres - testify ExampleAdditionally, the organization should deduce that the mail service will be examined by legitimate appraiseing post with full concept and aw areness of the significant when information when evaluating whether a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold.Measurement process this is the second process that calls for measurement of a tax position that meets a threshold of more likely than not recognition in order to determine the value that should be recognized in the statements of financial position of respective organization or enterprise. A tax position, that has 50% benefits, is realized upon final settlement.IFRS requires deferred tax liabilities and assets to be classified as noncurrent in the end sheets while, on the other hand, U.S.GAAP allows noncurrent and current classification of liabilities and assets leading to a slight difference.IFRS does not break down any specific guideline for the purp oses of recognizing deferred tax liabilities that are associated with uncertain tax position while U.S.GAAP provides accurate guidance for the recognition of the deferred tax liabilities.Other countries have a well-elaborated retirement systems that do not knock over rise to any suspicion. For example, a country like Australia, there is a government mandate for oecumenic participation of workers in retirement plan (Unilever 2007). Netherlands have laws that require workers pension plans to be converted into life-time annuities so as not to spend all their savings early.Unlike other countries, U.Ss contributions are of low rate to assure retirement adequacy for the majority of middle-class workers and some other workers withdrawing their sums forrader the retirement age.United states have the authorization of employers paying 6.2 percent of their salaries to social security that is time and again overlooked drawing much attention to the accounting pension than other foreign coun tries

ASEAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

ASEAN - Essay ExampleASEAN has made exemplary pursuit in achieving this objective for the South atomic number 99 Asian countries. The achievement of ASEAN in this share is commendable. There are various ch eachenges that this organization faces in maintaining its commandment objective of economic strength, peace and credentials of the region.. In the forthcoming years, it is imperative that ASEAN strengthens its political-security support system imputable to the increasing threat of international terrorism that may prevail in this region. This is imperative to attain and cause its primary goal.Association of south East Asian nations or ASEAN consists of the countries from the south East Asian region that work towards mutual economic progress. It can be defined as an organization for cooperation on security and economic concerns. Mead, ,n. d, 207 The creators of the Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN, visualized it as ultimately assembling all the nations of the regio n and managing them to lend a hand in assuring the peace, permanence and growth of the scene of action. While the area was in a state of turmoil, a lot of nations were under pressure for the existence of the nation or autonomy. First of all the five founding states had planned that ASEAN entrust be, in keeping with its abbreviation intelligibly suggesting a unity of South East Asian countries working together willingly for the mutual betterment. The introductory objective of the organization was tranquility, financial, societal and cultural progress, and the perception being with tranquility in the area, stability will not be far behind that would result in the financial affluence of the population in the area. It was not destined to be a supranational identity, discharging its objectives discretionally of its member nations It was not to have any regional parliament or confidence to frame regulations devoid of a judicial system and having no authority of executing powers.Unite d

Time Value of Money Application Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money finish Paper - Essay ExampleThe following are some important concepts of time value of coinFuture value of currency at a particular point is equal to the original chalk up of money plus disport roll multiplied by original sum of money. Suppose a retirement plan financial service provider receives $100 at the rate of 8% per annum the coming(prenominal) value of that fund lead beGiven above scenario, present value is a abandon of the future value in that it shows how much certain amount of dollar worth today. The above normal can equally be used to calculate present value, in this case it will be inverted if the calculations involve compound interest then the amount in inner braces will be raised to a power of n. the resulting value is otherwise called discounted value.This is the cost for borrowing or lending money or can be viewed as the yield to which money can earn. This interest rate can be categorized into nominal rate of interest and effective rat e of interest2. Nominal interest rate is that rate of interest not adjusted for inflation whereas effective interest rate has teeming effect of compounding and is adjusted for inflation.Commercial banks make good use of time value of money in all their transactions accepting deposits, lending to firms and corporate organizations and even borrowing short-term instruments from other financial institutions. For example, if a commercial bank accepts savings from a lymph gland at 5% per annum, take for granted the client deposits $200 every two months for a year the client might unwittingly be glad for receiving the 5% in addition to security he/she enjoys from the bank. However, these funds can be modify out at 15% to a credit card company who now uses this to service its customers. The variety between 15% paid by Credit Card Company and 5% paid to this client with the commercial bank reflects the of time value of money.Using above example, credit card financial

Micro-structure and Mechanical Properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micro-structure and Mechanical Properties - Essay ExampleThe metallic bonds undertake enhances the specialism of the metals. Metals exhibit different levels of strength especially when they are exchangejected to heat. Mechanical properties of ceramics. The thermal properties of ceramics, on the early(a) hand, are normally determined by the type of bonding present and the cast of existing bonds in the ceramic material. The bonds found in ceramic materials are covalent bonds. The toughness of ceramics decreases with increase in temperature as the bonds become weaker. This is because the bond is weakened by the vibrating atoms due to heat and vice versa. Ceramics show a number of optical characteristics such as transparency, translucency, and color which are dependent on the visible light interaction with pigments. The presence of light increases its brittleness significantly. Mechanical properties of polymers. Polymers show different levels of strength particularly tensile streng th and flexural strength. Unreinforced polymers normally have a tensile strength of 10-100Mpa. Polymers also have different levels of elongation which is the variety that occurs on the shape of the polymer as a result of stretching due to channelize in temperature.The change in microstructure makes Polymers have different values of the modulus. Polymers lose their toughness when subjected to high temperatures and become brittle when subjected to sub zero temperatures. This is as a result of the strengthening of the covalent bonds between molecules. To enhance strength polymers should be subjected to low temperatures.

SUMMARY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SUMMARY - Coursework ExampleBy 1935, prior to the acquisition of the farm, the number of nesting pairs of sandhill cranes in Wisconsin were 25. This was ane of his major concerns and he thereby corresponded with people in Wisconsin that have knowledge of sandhill cranes. The collective effort of Leopold and his blighter has yielded positive fruits as there argon 12,000 sandhill cranes in Wisconsin as of today. Prior to Leopold acquisition of the farm, there were no otter neither was there wolves spotted on the ploughland. These extirpated wildlife has made a comeback. Lutra Canadensis has reappeared and there are otter in the otter pond. Likewise is the presence of radio-collared wolves noticed in the farmland. Leopold benefited from his ecological restoration of an insignificant farmland. For instance, from an insignificant tree oak Leopold got firewood, exercise, family teamwork, and a history lesson. Leopold also fulfild the economically worthless Draba by avoiding the plantin g of pines in res publica that favors the growth of these plants. The planting of 48,000 pines in thirteen years, indeed, demonstrates Leopold commitment to ecological restoration. ... The International Crane Foundation full treatment towards the preservation of the worlds fifteen species of crane and towards the protection of crane habitat. Leopold through his writing and test at the abandoned farmland has built a legacy for himself. In the forestry community, Leopold is highly regarded. For instance, the idea that landowners are responsible to the land is attri neverthelessed to Leopold. Despite his lesser influence in Britain, Leopold is still known among British restorationists. The Leopold farmland is a pilgrim center that means different things to different people The resultant relationship between man and the environment leads to the ecology not mending itself. Left alone, ecology restores itself but human inter bodily function prevents this restoration. .Question 2 Althou gh, A Sand County Almanac contains no panaceas, no blueprints for mass action, it has planted the seed of ecological accountability and land ethics in me. I now understand that I own ecology a duty in helping to preserve it and keeping it healthy not only for posterity but for my own benefit. I also now understand that land is not a property to be used but my partner in the food chain. It has instilled in me the intellectual and emotional altitude to preserve all of nature. The whole concept is ethics. Ecological ethics is the intellectual and emotional altitude that restricts our freedom of action in the struggle for existence. As opposed to philosophical ethics, there is no concept of social or anti-social behavior rather it is a mode of guidance that direct our use of natural resources such as land. An ethical human being does not regard land as his property rather as part of his existence. Land ethic revert the role of Homo sapiens as landowner or conquerors to

Paraphrase Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Coursework ExampleComment. The word net profit starts with capital I, in addition it is not grammatically correct to say internet has assured people. This is because internet is not a living thing. The APA in text citation is correct.Response. People, who actually believe that the Internet sack really divvy up them anywhere, are actually just deceiving themselves. As the maximum the internet can take virtuallyone is only within the virtual world, instead of the real world. Consequently, people are growing asunder from one another due to the Internet which has deceived them.This is a great job. I like your response this is because some people waste so much time on the internet without doing any meaningful work. Your APA in text citation is also great. However, your paraphrase seems not to relate to the authors idea. This is because the author treasured to show that internet exposes people to a lot of opportunities. However, not everyone ends up making a skilful liv ing from the internet.The grammar is good. There is a logical flow of ideas. There is subject- predicate agreement and proper linking devices. The constitution has proper punctuation. The format used in the paper is in accordance with the APA format sixth edition. This compositors case of format ascertains that, there must be a comma between the surname of the author and the year. For object lesson (Leili,

Critically discuss the view that modern states, political power is Essay

critically discuss the view that modern states, political antecedent is concentrated in an elite group - analyse Examplelated to power and political science in order to ascertain the actuality of the statement that whether political power of the modern states does actually remain concentrated in the hands of an elite group or not. The root word would also aim to critically discuss the various aspects related to the mentioned view in order to line the actual reality of the made statement or the perceived view and the reasons supporting it.The relevant theories in relation to power which would aid in order to affirm or contend the statement that political power is usually found to be concentrated within an elite group need to be adequately explored. The fundamental surmisal that needs to be discussed in this bet is the pluralist theory of power. According to this special(prenominal) theory, power is perceived to be possessed by quite some form of groups present in the society a nd which are believed to contend with one another. It has been stated in this regard that as no circumstantial group is known to control and rule over the other existing groups so, a plurality with regard to the contending interest in relative to the fraction of collective individuals as well as the political parties is viewed to typify the democratic form of societies (Sociology.org, A Level Sociology A Resource-Based Learning Approach).The other theory that requires to be mentioned with regard to the stated form of groups in the above mentioned theory of power is the elite theory. This specific theory entails the notion that the existence of an uncomplicated plurality with regard to the competing groups present in the society is rather replaced by a succession of contending forms of elites. These mentioned forms of elites have been explained to be the group of powerful individuals who are considered to be competent fair to middling to enforce their personal interests and desire s on the overall society (Goertzel, Theoretical Models in Political Sociology).The elite theory with regard to the field of

Do Nurses' Empathy affect the outcome of care Literature review

Do Nurses&apos Empathy affect the outcome of c ar - Literature canvass ExampleThis section of the research study, will provide a comprehensive understanding with regard to the suppositional aspects of the study with the assistance of various facts, information, as well as opinion gathered from secondary sources such as journals and literatures.Thus, this chapter of the study will provide an in-depth and comprehensive view regarding the role of empathy within the healthcare sphere of influence along with improving the outcome of care in healthcare practice.According to Decety (2010), empathy is regarded as the ones ability to understand and respond to others perception through properly understanding what others are thinks and feels. Besides, in the human life empathy plays an important role in providing effective and motivational base to erase key issues prevailing within an case-by-case. Similarly, Battarbee & et. al. (2012) affirmed that empathy is the ability to become aware, sensible, understand and sensitive towards others feeling, behaviour and attitudes. McColgin (2012) highlighted that empathy is intellectual identification of the situation in the similar manner as others are identified. Besides, it can also perceive to be sharing the same set of emotion with divers(prenominal) people altogether. Additionally, it has also been affirmed that weather people feel empathy over other or not they all are dependent on different aspects amid each other. The level of empathy differs on the basis of individuals behaviour and societies. The personal contacts among the people and the experiences that they share among their group are also among the most profound factors that builds empathy among people. Besides, with the advancement and transformation of technology and its tinct over different stakeholders has also augmented the importance of the archetype of empathy in the real practice, as ones perception will have immense impact over the others (McColgin , 2012). On the other hand, Decety (2011)

The impact of the new technologies is revolutionising typographic Essay

The impact of the naked technologies is revolutionising typographic practice. How is typograhpy and the role of typographic designers changing to meet new challen - Essay Exampledrew Haslam (2005), in their book Type and Typography, referred to the term as that concerned with the creation of typefaces and their arrangement to convey a message. (introduction) at that place are various other versions of these definitions but it all boils down to one thing Typographys existence occurred sometime in the 15th century and is tied with the invention of the printing press because it was liable for the mechanical notation and arrangement of language. To borrow the words of Philipp Meggs, Rob Carter and Ben Day (2002) The development of printing technology so drastically changed the nature of written communication that the term typography was coined to describe the study, use, and design of sets of equivalent repeated letterforms. According to Meggs, Carter and Day, the invention of typogr aphy was, in fact, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, writing that the earliest mechanisation of a handicraft is the hand-lettering of books. (p. 103)With the above information established, we underscore that typography evolves because of technology and thus, have had slightly differing meanings at different periods of history. In the age of the metal type, for instance, type and typeface were distinguished from each other, while in todays digital age, they are used interchangeably. This will discussed, further later on. Peter Bilak offered us an interesting perspective when he said that typography should not be connected to any specific medium because it tends to change and evolve.The idea is that we continue to define and redefine the visual systems of visual language. We see this in the great leap we have achieved since the cave paintings to the synthesis of the digital pictographs. Tova Rabinowitz (2006) tells us that the widespread participation in typographys recent evolution and its vibrant and experimental nature present an optimistic expected value for the continuation of type as a vehicle for expression and a democratizing cultural

Absorption and Marginal Costing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Absorption and peripheral cost - Assignment ExampleThis technique of cost is also known as the full-cost technique (Sikdar, 2008).In reality, the technique of marginal costing takes into consideration the behavioral features of costs by segregating the costs into set(p) and shifting elements. The sequestration is done because per unit variable cost is dogged and extreme costs are variable in nature but actually total fixed costs are fixed and per unit fixed cost is variable in nature. In addition, variable costs are handy in nature, whereas total fixed costs are unmanageable in nature. Short term planning makes use of the Marginal costing technique. Control and decision making in particular reference to the production of multi-products also uses marginal costing (Sikdar, 2008).The contribution in marginal costing technique is computed after taking away variable costs from sales value. This is the way in which the total share of all products/services incurred towards the total fixed costs by the backup is also taken into count on. Since the fixed costs are dealt with as gunpoint costs they are subtracted from total share to compute net profit (Sikdar, 2008).From the perspective of cost for a product/service, an absorption costing regards a share of all costs incurred by a business with regard to each of its products/services. Costs are segregated based on their functions under absorption costing technique. Apart from this costs which are incurred with reference to other business functions are subtracted to compute the net profit. and so we can infer that absorption costing is a better info give to price products since it takes into account both variable and fixed costs (Sikdar, 2008).The costs that fluctuate with a resolution should only be included in decision analysis. For many decisions that engage comparatively small fluctuations from accessible practice and/or are for comparatively restricted periods of time, fixed costs are not applicable to the decision.

Practicum Report Essay Example for Free

Practicum Report leavenA. Introduction I. Introduction of University of proficient foul direction Ho Chi Minn City 1. Brief History The University of performd Education Ho Chi Minn City (UTE) evolved from the Board of Technical Education, first founded on 5 October 1962, renamed Nguyen Truong To snapper for Technical Education in Thu Duc on 21 September 1972, and upgraded to Thu Duc College of Education in 1974. On 27 October 1976, the SRV Prime Minister issued a decision to establish Thu Duc University of Technical Education on the basis of Thu Duc College of Education. This was mingle with Thu Duc Industrial School in 1984 and further merged with Technical Teacher Training School No 5 in 1991 to become the present University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minh City. At 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, only 10 km north-east of the circle around of Ho Chi Minh City, UTE enjoys the combined advantages of a spacious, comfortable, and peaceful suburban study environmen t and excellent bus service, with easy access to the city center, the airport, and the border areas. 2. Duties. Responsibilities.The University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minn City assumes the following functions To train and upgrade technical teachers for technical universities and colleges, professional and vocational schools, and comprehensive middle schools To train technological engineers and technical manpower adaptable to the excavate market place To promote scientific research and production machinatement in the field of professional culture and technological science To expand cooperation relationships with international scientific organizations and technical teacher grooming institutions.3. Missions Specialized in develop technical teachers at university and post-university levels for the whole arena, UTE ought to provide competent trainers directly responsible for training and upgrading subordinate manpower for the process of innovationalization and industria l enterprise of the country and building up a association-based economy.Being the leaders technical gentility training institution in the whole country and having access to new methodologies and advanced(a) pedagogics aids, UTE ought to train and upgrade technical teachers, sound in theory, skilled in institutionalize, and competent in pedagogy, and to provide skilled manpower, adaptable to production acceptedities and able to meet the ever-increasing needs of society.As a center for research and experimentation in vocational education, UTE ought to be a reliable counseling agency for the political relation in designingning relevant policies and to dependably support opposite training institutions in improving their doctrine methods and equipment. 4. Quality Policy Constantly improve the quality of teach and acquisition to offer disciples the best conditions to develop their creative potentials, broaden their fellowship, and perfect their skills to meet the needs of s ociety. Quality Policy (based on the ISO 90012000 standards) 5. Training designs.An humpd and dynamic state-run university, UTE offers quality engine room science-oriented training political programs in a supportive and student-caring environment UTE, with its 13 Faculties, offers students a macro choice of programs and specialties delivered at unhomogeneous levels of training and in different modes of study. The current enrollment amounts to over 25,000 students at 5 different levels Masters degree, Bachelors degree, Associate degree, Technician diploma, and Technical worker certificate -, studying in 2 different training systems Regular and In-service.With the approval of the MoET, UTE has been offering Masters programs since 1592. Based on its traditional fortes in science, engineer and technology, UTE is now offering 7 Masters programs 1. railroad car building technology 2. Mechanics of machinery 3. exploit and main(prenominal)tenance of automobiles and tractors 4. Electrical equipment, network and power stations 5. Technical education science 6. electronic engineering 7 International vocational education.(In association with Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, FRG) Together with the development of the countrys economy on the way of industrialization and modernization, UTE has grow its scope of training Together with the development of the countrys economy on the way of industrialization and modernization, UTE has expanded its scope of training to meet the demands of the new socio-economic reality and is now offering 34 Bachelors programs 1. Electrical and electronic engineering 2. electronic technology Telecommunications.3. Computer technology 4. Industrial electricity 5. Electrical automation 6. mechanically skillful engineering 7. Industrial technology 8. Mechatronics 9. Automation technology 10. self-propelling engineering 11. Thermotechnics Refriferation 12. Info mechanics 13. Machine design 14. Home and Industrial civil engineeri ng 15. Home economics 16. Garment technology 17. pabulum technology 18. Fashion design 19. Printing technology 20. Information technology 22. Accounting 23. Industrial care 24. side for engineering 25.Technical education in Electrical and electronic engineering 26. Technical education in Industrial electricity 27. Technical education in Mechanical engineering 28. Technical education in Industrial technology 29. Technical education in Mechatronics 30. Technical education In Automotive engineering 31. Technical education in Thermotechnics Refrigeration 32. Technical education In Computer technology 33. Technical education in Home and industrial civil engineering 34. Technical education In Electronic technology Telecommunications Associate.programs 1. Electrical and electronic engineering 2 Industrial electricity 3. Mechanical engineering 4. Automotive engineering 5. Garment technology For the dual purpose of developing human resources for the society and providing a program line practice environment for our graduates, we arc also actively involved in delivering Technician diploma and Technical worker certificate programs. Technician diploma programs are offered in 1. Industrial and household electricity 2 Electronic technology 3.Thermotechnics-Refrigeration 4. Garment technology 5. Automotive engineering 6. Operation and maintenance of mechanical equipment 7. Accounting information science Technical worker certificate programs are offered in 1. Industrial and household electricity 2. Electronics 3. Metalworking (Turning, move Planning) 4. Automotive repair 5. Refrigeration 6. Industrial Mewing This multi-level, multi-mode and multi-disciplinary training structure allows us to take the initiative in all work from research to applications.It also facilitates the organization of transfer programs, helping students fulfill their lifelong schooling dreams in the most economical and effective way. Students can choose either to study on the main campus or in the provinces to suit their conditions. Constantly improve the quality of article of belief and learning with this guiding training principle, over the past half century of development, UTE has been training qualified manpower, sound in theory, skilled in practice, andequipped with a good sense of morality, able to stand on various fronts in gossip halls, on construction sites, in factories, etc to serve the process of industrialization and modernization of the country.Many of our graduates over four hundred Master degrees holders, 30,000 engineers, and 2,000 technicians and high-qualified workers -, brought up and trained at UTE, are now holding key positions in various training institutions, business and industry. 6. Facilities In addition to our main 17-ha campus at 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, we have some other 4.5-ha campus at 484 Le Van Viet Street, District 9, HCMC. We are planning to establish a new 80-ha campus in Dalat, LamDong Province. UTE provides st udents with adequate facilities in a creativeness-inducing learning environment, magnanimous each and every individual the opportunities for study and practice. The University library has spacious reading rooms with sufficient publications and flowicals for study and research needs 26,092 titles of books with 299,247 copies, 253 titles of newspapers and magazines, averaging 115 titles of books per one program of study.Library management and services have been computerized and modernized to meet the ever-increasing needs of the readers. Recently, the University has heavily invested in modern practice and experiment equipment. We now have 72 practice workshops (12,708m2) and 20 laboratories (lr908m2), enough for our present training needs. We have installed 1,363 computers 944 of these are for instruction, learning and research the remaining 419 ore for management and administration. Our computer systems are regularly upgraded.Our local network operates reliably at 512 Kbps the ADSL lines enable high-speed networking and Internet access. We have 150 claasrooms with a gibe area of 9,698m2, each varying in size from 64m2 to 175m2 to suit specific training needs (averaging 6,66m2 per student). red-hot buildings to be constructed include a Central Building with 30,000m2 of floor area, a High engine room centre of attention with over 5,000m2 of floor area, and a Multi-purpose Classroom Building with over 4,000m2 of floor area.For 7 consecutive geezerhood 2002 2009, UTEs dormitory has been grantedthe title City-level Cultural Unit. For sporting activities, we have a football field (12,600m2), 7 volleyball courts (756m2) a tennis court (240m2) and a sporting event hall (720m2). Staff UTFs might and staff currently total 698. Nearly 60% percent of the more than 538 mental faculty members have graduate student qualifications. Over 100 lecturers are working towards a Ph. D. or a Masters in the country or abroad. Faculty members actively take part in scienti fic research and strive to fool innovative teaching methods to activate students.In addition to creating thriving conditions for individual self-improvement, UTE regularly organizes upgrading courses in irrelevant languages, computing and professional skills for all staff (averaging more than 10 courses per year). 7. Cooperation UTE maintains effective multiform cooperation relationships with domestic as hygienic as international organizations. We have provided on-campus training to thousands of core technical teachers for technical and vocational schools in the provinces across the country.In addition to local training institutions, business and industry, we have also established bilateral ties with various international organizations, the governments of many countries, NGOs and international universities and colleges.Some of our cooperation projects have been highly appreciated-the Viettnam-Germany Center for training vocational teachers and qualified workers funded by the St ate of Baden- Warttemberg (FRO), the Masters Program delivered in association with Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg and supported by InWent (PRO), the Bachelors Program in Clothing Design Manufacture delivered in association with Heriot-Watt.University (UK), the Bachelors Program in Electrical and Electronic Engineering delivered in association with Sunderland University (UK), the joint-training programs with Siemens, MTZ (FRG), Omron (Japan), Rockwell Automation, Foxconn, General Electric (US), and others. Among our other partners are about 20 other foreign universities, institutes, and international organizations in many countries around the world, including Dresden University (FRG), Trier University (FRG), LENSET de Cachan(France), Universite de Metz (France).Guangxi Normal University (China), Tianjin University of Technology and Education (China), Sydney University of Technology (Australia), Universite de Liege (Belgium), Universite de Sherbrooke (Canada), DSE DAAD GTZ (FRG), Yeungnam University (South Korea), Chungwoon University (South Korea), Sejong University (South Korea), Hanbat National University (South Korea), Quilin University (China), Kunming University (China), Yuan Ze University (Taiwan), Southern Taiwan University of Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, and others.II. Introduction of faculty of foreign languages The Faculty of Foreign Languages (FFL) is in charge of delivering a Bachelors program in Technical slope and teaching General English and ESP to students of all the other faculties in the university. Faculty members total 23, including 1 Ph. D. , 1 Ph. D. candidate, 12 Masters, and 6 premaster students. The teaching staff consists partly of highly experienced lecturers with many age of leaching at UTE and other large national universities and partly of young teachers full of enthusiasm, energy and creativity.FFL encourages and creates favorable conditions for all staff members to upgrade their qualifications eithe r in the country or abroad. Within the common line of regional and internal integration, English has assumed an ever more important role in a multilingual and multicultural working environment. The Technical English program delivered by FFL aims to provide the labor market with white collar workers, knowledgeable about ESP, and able to work in industrial parks, export-processing zones, companies, factories and plants, as well as for foreign offloces, international and non-governmental organizations, where English is required.FFL actively engages in compiling and adapting ESP textbooks to suit the students requirements, as well as the Universitys and employers expectations. FFL has been seeking assistance from domestic counterparts as well as support in information and teaching materials from universities in English-speaking countries, gradually expanding cooperation relationships and railing the teaching and learning quality, FFL is getting take a leak to offer new programs in Jap anese, Korean and Chinese to meet the ever-Increasing needs in these languages.III. The aim, the learning outcomes and the pro-requisites of TEFL teaching practicum course 1. The aim Applying the understanding aspects of foreign language learners, methods, and approaches in language teaching and learning, observation, execution of lesson in a specific context, to furcateroom management. Special emphasis is given to the planning and execution of technically-related lessons. It also provides students a further opportunity to reflect upon their work as professionals. 2. The learning outcomes.Upon successful completion of teaching practlcum, students should be able to Gain insight into EFL students motlvatlon, frustration, and strategles in learning English as a foreign language. gain how theories of language learning and teaching underlie classroom practice, implicitly and explicitly, based on knowledge gained with 8-week observation and leashing practice. Begin to develop a person al view of what constitutes effective EFL teaching. Gain confidence in ability to devise and carry out EFL classroom learning activities by engaging in observation, teaching and tutoring in a diversely educational setting.3. The pre-requisites Successful completion of Listening, Reading, Speaking and Writing 4, Phonetics and Phonology, Morphology and Syntax, Semantics, British Literature, British Civilization, TEFL Methodology, and Media in ELT. B. Content I. Teaching practicum planning Date (Feb 6th Mar 31st)Content hebdomad 1 (Feb 6th -Feb 11th)1. Confirm the practicing place receive specific plan, purpose and requirements, rules and regulations of teaching practicum course. 2. Divide teaching practice groups, meet teachers and members in groups, assign tasks for each person. Week 2 (Feb 13 -Feb 18)1.Receive teaching document. 2. bring about plan for teaching practicum in 7 weeks 3. Get acquainted with students. 4. give away instructors class on Tuesday, Feb. fourteenth , 2012 ( expiration 1-4, Room A2. 202) and Thursday Feb. 16th. 2012 (Period 1- 4, Room E1. 505) 5. Make the first lesson plan (Unit 7) Week 3 (Feb, 20 -Feb. 25)? Feb. 20th. 2012 1. let out others classes of Thu Hue, Cam Lien, Yen Nhi, Ngoc (February morning 20lh 2012) 2. catch Mr. Luans class (February afternoon 20th 2012) Period 1-4 ? Feb. 21st. 2012 3. check the first teaching of Ha Word Power (Air travel data file + Word group) Period 1 Room A2.202. 4. preserve the first teaching of Tuy? n concentrate on on Function (Making arrangements) Period 2 Room A2. 202. 5. utilise the first lesson plan for instructor and receive the feedback. 6. Correct the first lesson plan. Feb. 23rd, 2012 7. obtain the endorsement teaching of Ha Word Power (Air travel file + Word group) Period 1 Room E1 . 505. 8. Observe the second teaching of Tuyen Focus on Function (Making arrangements) Period 2 Room E1. 505. 9. Receive the feedback from instructor and moderate the first lesson plan again Week 4 (Feb. 27 -Mar. 03)Feb. 28th. 2012 1.Observe Huongs class, ever-changing lives on twenty-seventh February 2012, Period 1 2. Observe Vys class, Changing lives on 27th February 2012, Period 2 3. Observe Bao class, Changing lives on 27th February, Period 3 4. Observe To Lins class. Changing lives on 27th February 2010, Period 7 5. Observe To Liens class, Changing lives on 27th February 2010, Period 8 Feb. 28th. 2012 6. Observe the first teaching of Duy- Grammar compass point -Past and present perfect simple, period 1, Room A2. 202. 7. Observe the first teaching of Tr? ng- Word Power (Trends file + The language of graphs) -Period 2- A2. 202. 8., Get the feedback from instructor and groups members to correct some mistakes in the second lesson plan for a wagerer teaching period on bump into 1st, 2012. 9. consume the second lesson plan for instructor and receive the feedback. March 1st. 2012 10. Observe the second teaching of Duy- Grammar point Past and present perfect simple , period 1, Room El. 505. 11. Observe the second teaching of Tr? ng Word Power (Trends file + The language of graphs) Period 2 -Room El . 505. 12. Get the feedback from instructor and groups members. 13. Prepare the third lesson plan (Unit 10) Week 5 (Mar.5 -Mar. 10) March 5th. 2012 1. Observe Hieus class, unit Crossing cultures. Period 7 2. Observe To Linhs class, unit Crossing cultures, Period 8 3. Observe Cuongs class, unit Crossing cultures, Period 9 March 6th. 2012 4. Observe the first teaching of Kim Language Focus (Modal Verbs) Period 1 Room A2. 202. 5. Observe my instructors class, period 2-3, Room A2. 202. March 8th. 2012 6. Observe the second teaching of Kim Language Focus (Modal Verbs) Period 1 Room E1. 505. 7. Observe the third leaching of Trong Focus on Function (Invitation)- Period 2 Room E1. 505. 8.Research mora information to make lesson plan for third teaching. Week 6 (Mar. 12-Mar. 17) March 12th. 2011 1. Observe the third teaching of Duy- Word Power -Bu siness headlines file -f Word family, period 2, Room A4. 103. 2. Observe the third teaching of Tuyen Language Focus, (Present perfect simple and continuous) -Period 1 Room A4. 103. 3. Observe the third teaching practice of Ha Focus on Functions (Offers and requests) Period 3 Room A4 103 4. Give the feedback for groups members to correct some mistakes in the last lesson plan for a better teaching period on March 15th .2012 5. Give the third lesson plait for instructor and get feedback from her to correct it. ?March thirteenth 2012 6. Observe the 4th teaching of Duy-Word Power -Business headlines file Word family, period 2, Room A2. 202 7. Observe the tail teaching practice of Tuyen Language Focus (Present perfect simple and continuous) Period 1- Room A2. 202. 8. Observe the fourth teaching practiceof Ha Focus on functions (Offers and requests) Period 3- Room A2. 202 9. Give the feedback lor groups members. Week 7 (Mar. 19 Mar. 24)?March 9th, 2012 1 Observe the third teach ing practice of Kim Language Focus (Prepositions) Period 2 Room A4. 101. 2 Observe the fourth teaching practice of Tr? ng -Focus on Function (Invitation) Period 3 Room A4. 103. 3. Get the feedback from instructor and members in Week 8 (Mar. 26-Mar. 31)group, correct the third lesson plan and prepare for the fourth one. March 20th. 2012 4. Observe the fourth teaching practice of Kim -Language Focus (Prepositions) Period 2 Room A2. 202. 5. Create a game and small party to say goodbye to students. II. Teaching schedule NO. DATEPLACECONTENTNOTE.1Tuesday, February 28th, 2012Room A2. 202Unit 7 Changing Lives Part Focus on function Opinions and suggestions agreeing and disagreeingGeneral English 3, 51 students, pre-intermediate level. 2Thursday, February 1st, 2012Room E1 . 505Unit 7Changing Lives Part Focus on function Opinions and suggestions agreeing and disagreeingGeneral English 3, 31 students, pre-intermediate level. 3Monday, March 20th, 2012Room A4. 103Unit 10 entrust our pl anet survive? Part Language focus future tense with will the first conditional if and whenGeneral English 3, 51 students, pre-intermediate level. 4Tuesday, March 13th. 2012Room A2.202Unit 10 Will our planet survive? Part Language focus Future with will the first conditional if and whenGeneral English 3, 45 students, pre-intermediate level. III. Teaching materials 1. Lesson plan 2. Textbook 3. Student teaching evaluation form 4. Student teaching observation form C. Conclusion I. Reflection paper through 8-week observation and teaching practice, I recognised that the teaching practicum give me useful first-hand experience and practical knowledge of teaching and learning English as a Foreign Language. Actually, this course helped me to apply the theory, methods and approaching, ets in real class.Moreover, it is important to know my own strengths and weaknesses. It also provided me a further opportunity to reflect upon my works as professionals. All these things are valuable experienc e for me to strive for the career in the future. First of all, I do a take a crap and specific plan for the course. So, I spent 47 periods in observation. give thanks to this, I had a chance to get familier with my students, such as ability, level, gender, interest, number of students, asmostphere and facilities in class. When I observered I remark down who are active and passive, equipments need to bo employ.Then, I considered lesson plans with which activities I could apply in the class, which methods are suitable, what strategies were used to support my teaching and students learning. Secondly, I apprehened a lot of things from the intructors and other student teachers, I understood that in that respect are three significant things which teachers should focus when teaching interaction between teacher and student, professional responsibilties and knowledge and time mangement I found that although the knowledge is good, teaching method is not good. Ultimately, the job is not successful.Thirdly, when I observed I learnt a lot of useful things from the failure and success of my friends. The common mistake is the instruction manual were ineffective, which made students confused. However, I learnt a nice way from my peer to give intructions such as giving short sentences, using familiar words as well as emphasizing the important words. afterwards the teacher gives intructions for an activity, he or she could make sure sudents have been about what to do in the activities by asking them some questions. Until he or she has check students understanding about it or her instructions, start ups the activity.Furthermore, many student teachers did not give any samples or examples when they asked students to make conversation about some topics, so it was securely for students to know how they should do. In time management, most of apprentices lacked of it. Specifically, we could not divide reasonable time. Obviously, teacher talked more than students talked. Thus , my instructor suggested, let students practice more. I really appreciated her advice, it helped me improve a lot after that. The worsened thing was we often went into overtime. It was the reason made us lose our self-control.Besides, few student teachers were not surefooted about their own ability and knowledge. I realized that it could have equally disastrous consequences. Hence, I reminded me assure for more information or documents relating to the lesson. The speciality is know thoroughly the grammar points which we teach because if we are not clear what we say, how can we make others understand deeply? The benifits of utilizing multimedia in teaching are countless. Student teachers conservatively considered to take full advantage of them. And so did I. Yet, we completely seemed to be bad at blackboard presentation. check to a lecturer, she suggested that the blackboard should be divided into two or three parts at the start of the lesson. For example Additional example or ex planationLesson Unit Title (different color) (page no. ) I. Language focus grammar structure -use/ meaningAdditional example OrOr Students exercise or feed backexplantion This is a layout with 3 parts. If the board is small, we can divide as follow. Lesson Unit Title (different color) (page no. ) I. Language focus grammar structure -use/meaning -etcAdditional example or explanation. steady something seems trifling like the way erase the board, gesture, manners and behaviour, etc. I was also instructed by my consultant. Thanks to her consideration, I made my own pedagogic style. Consequently, my instructor praise me tor this. Over two months, I heart back what I got and what I did not. I evaluated my strength and weakness. My strong point is confidence. Thus, I could manage class well, designed task effective, engage all students in learning. The weak point was my pronunciation. Though I tested to correct it later classes, I still pronounced wrong.So, I made a plan for practice pr onounce more to be better. Additionally, I learnt how to solve the problems that can occur in the classes, predict them problems and foreknow the solutions. That was very important for an effective teaching class. In short, base on knowledge gained through 2-month observation and teaching practice, the help of instructors and peers, I gained confidence in ability to devise and cary out EFL classroom learning activities. I applied the theory in school in real environment. In fact, the invaluable lessons and experience underlie for career in the future, I had a straight judge myself.

Technical textiles Essay Example for Free

expert textiles EssayA small proportion of technical textiles atomic number 18 manufactured from high-end fibres like Kevlar or Nomex. more or less technical textiles are do from everyday fibres such as polyester, polypropylene, polyamide or acrylic. Gore-Tex fabrics are created by laminating the Gore-Tex membrane to high performance textiles, then sealing them with a solution for guaranteed waterproof protection. Phosphorescent textiles are a class of luminescent materials that show long-lasting bright afterglow in dark after supercharged by a source of light capable of exciting the material to a persistent raise state. Some other technical textiles are Scotchlite, electronic textiles, the smart bra, microfibres, Nano-fibres and Skintex skincare. Smart fibres have been developed to return functions that will respond to and protect our bodies. They can be said to be intelligent because of their ability to defend to external stimuli or changes in the environment without h uman intervention. Smart fibres are split into four categories Biomimetic fibres that copy record, Shape Memory textiles, Sense and Track fibres and Chromatic fibres. Biomimetic fibres mimic good design in nature some of these include Fastskin by Speedo and a fabric by Stomatex.Fastskin enables the swimmer to be streamlined by reducing passive drag by up to 4%. Stomatex uses a pattern of dome-shaped vapour house to allow frame heat and perspiration to exit through tiny pores at a controlled rate. The body temperature remains stable at whatever activity is being carried out. Technical textiles differ from Smart fibres repayable to the fact that they have different uses. Smart fibres were developed to provide functions that will respond to our bodies and protect them, whereas technical textiles already have a function and usually respond to changes in the environment.Most smart fibres father to enhance performance, for example fastskin aims to reduce drag for swimmers and stomat ex aims to maintain a stable body temperature throughout exercise, in all probability alter you to work harder for longer. Technical textiles have different functions, they are widely used for their useful functions. Scotchlite if for safety, it reflects light, enabling the wearer to be seen in the dark by headlights or torches. The smart bra detects the early stages of breast crab louse using microwave antennae.Odour control- does as it says an antimicrobial agent can be encapsulated within the fibres to prevent bacterial growth. Technical textiles can be extremely useful to users in the 21st century. Softswitch joined forces with ONeill to get down the first wearable electronics product with Bluetooth. The ski ceiling was adapted to withstand snowboarding environments, and many functions such as a mobile phone and mp3 player were integrated into the sportswear. Also woven into the jacket are electrically conductive fabric tracks which connect the chip module to a fabric keyb oard and built in speakers to the hood. in that respect is a microphone integrated into the collar of the jacket for phone calls. This is similar to the Nike ACG Comm jacket. It is Nikes latest snow jacket and comes with a built in radio, microphone and earpiece. Equipment like this could be lifesaving. If you are taking part in snowsports and you happen to get hurt you can communicate via the built in functions, this is particularly useful in the 21st century as many people go skiing and snowboarding off-piste and if theyre not careful they may get injured, the only way for them to communicate could be via the built in communicational devices.Nomex is a registered stigmatize for a flame-resistant meta-aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont (now Invista) and first marketed in 1967. A Nomex hood is a common piece of firefighting equipment. The hood protects the parts of the head that are no cover by the helmet and face mask from the intense heat of the fire. Most of a fire-fighters suit would be made from Nomex

Competition in American Elections Essay Example for Free

Competition in American Elections EssayElections ar a crucial part of representative democracy. They are the direct link between citizens and their representatives in government if the public approves of their elected officials actions, they hap to take them back into office if the public doesnt like how things are going in the government, they voting for other campaigners with different ideas. The electorate has to eat this choice between campaigners in order to effectively express their preferences. However, if the incumbent or incumbent troupe seems certain to win, a vote for a new candidate would be of little value the alternative is not belligerent therefore, the public is hindered from voting into office a candidate that represents their true interests. It is therefore essential to examine the true meaning of what makes an alternative rivalrous and to determine whether American choices of various types adhere to this emergency.The literature competitiveness in e lections is extensive, but totally commentarys to a greater extent or slight come down to the question of whether or not someone other than the winner might stir won (had circumstances been different, had the opposition campaigned much than than effectively, had the public been more welcoming to the oppositions ideas, etc.). A very minimalistic definition of a competitive election is given by Hyde and Marinov (2012) in the form of triad criteria opposition is allowed, multiple parties are legal, and more than one candidate competes (p. 192). Five requirements for determining if an election was competitive are given by Janowitz and Marvin (1955-1956) high levels of participation, political self-confidence and self-interest among the citizenry, effective public deliberation, a media not monopolized by one particular side, and campaigns operating mostly indep checkently of the mass media (pp. 384-393). These criteria are meant to stripe the degree to which the election represe nted a process of consent rather than a process of purpose. Buchler (2007) defines competitive elections as those in which the candidates give up ab out(a) an equal chance of winning, or when their vote shares are about the sameso, the more the two-way vote for the winning candidate approaches 50%, the more competitive the election is. In their study on the effects of challenger on legislator performance, Koninsky and Ueda (2011) define a competitive election as one in which the winner earned 90% or more of the two-party vote (p. 201), whereas Niemi et al. (2006) define competitive elections as those in which the winner received at least 60% of the two-party vote (cited in Koninsky and Ueda, p. 201).Such strictly defined, outcome-based requirements for electoral competitiveness have been criticized for being more or little arbitrary (Buchler, p. 336) however, for the purpose of this paper, such definitions are the most practical choice. The minimalistic definition of Hyde and Ma rinov is in item too minimalistic for an examination of electoral competitiveness in America, where an open and democratic political process is an underlying aspect of the Constitution itself. Janowitz and Marvins definition will be excluded for practical purposes because dapple the criteria to allow for analysis of electoral competitiveness pre-election, and therefore do not count as uncompetitive elections in which the opposition evidently wasnt strong enough, this method is much more suited to an in-depth study of a single election rather than a comparison between multiple election years and types because of the normative questions involved (the researchers in question use this method to examine the 1952 presidential election). While strictly statistical, outcome-based definitions of competitiveness are maybe arbitrarily defined, they are simple and useful in studying electoral competitiveness over prospicient periods. To avoid restraining myself to one statistic, I consider both the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. and the 90% requirement used by Koninsky and Ueda.In order to study competition in presidential elections, I have compiled both the popular vote and electoral College vote for the presidential elections since 1980. I only included selective information from the two candidates who received the most votes. I then calculated the percentage of the two-party vote (popular and Electoral College) received by individually candidate. The percentage of the two-party popular vote received by both given winner of the presidency never exceeded 60%, and can, therefore, be considered competitive by both the 60% and 90% requirements. However, the results of the two-party Electoral College vote were not always so close. In fact, in cardinal out of the ten presidential elections held in the erstwhile(prenominal) 37 years, the percent of the two-party vote in the Electoral College received by the winning candidate exceeded 60%, and in two of these elections, this percentage exceeded 90%. Therefore, by our most strict definition of a competitive election, most presidential elections in the past thirty-seven years have not been competitive if we use the data provided by the Electoral College votes. This could propose that the structure of Americas presidential elections (i.e., indirect vote via the Electoral College) compromises the competitiveness of our elections, as all the presidential elections examined were found to be competitive in the popular vote, but the Electoral College votewhich is, in fact, the deciding factor in who will become Presidentwas found to be uncompetitive in most cases. It is open(a) that the Electoral College does extrapolate the margin of advantage of the winner, most clearly evidenced by the elections of 1980 and 1984, when Reagan was elected with a two-party popular vote of 55% and 59%, respectively, but by a 91% and 98% two-party vote in the Electoral College (Woolley and Gerhard 2017).I have employed the same method used for presidential elections to measure competitiveness in statewide elections in atomic number 42 (Governor and linked States Senator elections) and the district-based Missouri United States object lesson elections (except that the Electoral College factor was not applicable). I have used the past five elections for each type of election therefore I have gone back to 2000 for the Governor election data, to 2004 for the U.S. Senator data, and to 2008 for the U.S. Representative data. The elections for Missouri governors and U.S. Senators all fall within the 60% requirement off competitiveness. However, the U.S. House elections rarely run across this requirement (one out of eight districts in 2014, three out of nine districts in 2010, and one out of nine districts in 2008 had a two-party vote of less than 60% for the winner). None of the elections ever had a two-party vote that exceeded 90%, so these elections are competitive by Koninsky and Uedas req uirement (Ashcroft 2017, Missouri Election Results and Previous Elections). However, the disparity is obvious while U.S. Representative elections are still competitive by the 90% test, they are generally nowhere near as competitive as state Governor, U.S. Senator, or presidential elections. This most likely arises as a result of gerrymandering, defined by Lowi et al. (2017) as the example of slip bying district maps that favor one party or the other based on the aid makeup of different regions (p. 198). This practice reduces the competitiveness of districts so that the party that drew the map will have certain conquest in most districts while allowing their opponents to win in a handful of districts where their party has the clear majority. For statewide and nationwide elections, this is not an option, but for district-based elections, gerrymandering is common practice.In response to a miss of competition in district-based elections, many propose intentionally drawing electoral districts to narrow the margin of victory and encourage more robust competition. There are many reasons to advocate for increased competition. As antecedently mentioned, the electorate cannot express its true preferences if election results are more or less determined in advance. consort to Lowi et al., competition among politicians incentivizes them to reveal more information about themselves and about the other candidates, which in turn makes citizens more apt to pick the candidates that best represent their interests (p. 428). The threat of competition incentivizes elected officials to steer clear of decay practices and to remain responsive to their constituency to ensure re-election (Brunell and Clarke 2012, p. 124). This same threat likewise means that officials elected in competitive elections are more active lawmakers (Koninsky and Ueda, p. 199). And according to Huckfeldt et al. (2007), while electoral competitiveness does not seem to get to any direct effect on turnout , it still has an indirect effect in that parties and candidates put more campaign effort into competitive elections, which in turn encourages higher turnout (p. 809).Indeed, the word competition often has a very positive connotation in American culture. This is natural, as it is the founding block of the isolated market system which our country has embraced possibly more than any other country. It may, therefore, come as a surprise that not all scholars advocate competition in the electoral sphere. A fairly intuitive, though the easily disregarded aspect of competition in elections is that as the margin of victory decreases, the number of batch who voted for losing candidates increases. Brunell and Clarke argue that these people are more dissatisfied with the outcome of the election and feel that their interests are not being represented in government (p. 125). A study conducted by Bowler and Donovan (2011) suggests that increased competition leads to dissatisfaction in the elec torate because people dislike being exposed to politics (p. 159). Janowitz and Marvin argue that high levels of competition rive the electorate and disintegrate more moderate, compromise-oriented groups (p. 400). It would seem that competitive elections, while allowing the public to hold elected officials accountable to their constituents, also lead to less happy constituents in general. Buchler goes on to point out that in order to draw competitive districts, the actual partisan makeup of the electorate must be disregarded, and a smaller margin of victory increases the chances of an error in the declared winner (pp. 333, 336). So when we draw districts to be more competitive, we may end up with representatives who do not actually represent the people to any significant degree.While the arguments for and against electoral competition seem valid, it is important to distinguish which definition of competitive we are actually work with. For example, while the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. judges that nearly all U.S. House elections in Missouri were non-competitive, the more minimalistic model proposed by Hyde and Marinov would classify all of the elections studied in this paper as competitive entirely because they were truly democratic elections. At the same time, the broadest definition of a competitive election used, the 90% definition proposed by Koninsky and Ueda, would define nearly all of the elections studied as competitive. I doubt that those who wish for less electoral competition because of its divisive effect on the electorate would suggest that the two-party vote for the winning candidate must exceed 90% every time, just to keep people happy. The obvious gerrymandering that takes place in redistricting maps is not to be taken lightly, but the solution is not necessarily an effort to draw more competitive districts. As Buchler (2005, cited in Buchler 2007) argues, an unbiased map is the best way to ensure true deputation of the citizens of a given region, even if the map is, in fact, uncompetitive (p. 333). Perhaps this is what we should really be working towards the true ideological representationrather than the potentially random results that come from toss-up districts.

Trafficking Of Drugs Essay Example for Free

Trafficking Of medicines EssayIntroduction interchange Asia is one of the functions that international groups atomic number 18 focusing on. Aside form the ch whollyenges of establishing its independence it settle fell faces today, it also has to deal with the internal struggles of layructuring aff able groundworks. The primordial Asiatic sections undeniable value is its strategic geographic position in the midst of Asia and Europe (Esfandiari, 2004). The stability of interchange Asia is seen as a key reckon than net ease tensity in the constituent, enhance work and stabilize the political structure. The preponderance of the illegal medicate industry is considered as one of the major deterrents for stabilization in the vicinity (Cornell, 2006). The elimination of illegal do dosess is a global relate. The united Nations (UN) is signing to stamp down the international disdain of illegal medicines by 2008 (UN common aggregation, 1998). The prevalenc e of the illegal do doses trade industry is seen as non just an issue of abomination pr change surfacetion besides also as a geographical, companionable and political issue that affects the stability of nations and the security of the international community. profound Asia has a hanker history of trans- casting relations. The neighborhood ahs been defined more than than than by its political versus geographic delineations. This has contributed to the richness of the region in terms of culture and relations. However, this also reflects that the security of put offs is not a diachronic aptitude for the region and underway elude problems whitethornbe a consequence of this historical predicament The chief producers of opium and opium-derivates drugs in Asia is the lucky trilateral in South East Asia consisting of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand and the Golden Crescent consisting of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Be shit of the boldness of Afghanistan as the primary pro ducer of opium in the area and the consequent control of the trade in the Golden triplicity, the Golden Crescent has become the region of greater concern (Saidazimova, 2005).An early(a)(a) critical factor in the demand for better control of the drug trade in Central Asia is because of the indication from studies that bulk of the drugs in Europe is being sourced from the region. The concern for supreme the illegal drug trade however has a more important motivation for the countries in the region. Researches conducted by the UNs say-so on medicates and Crime (UNODC) choose indicated the link of the drug trade to terrorism and hatred (UNODC, 2006a). The proliferation of drugs and related shame has operatively affected the economy and the stability of the region, naughtily detrimental to efforts in create the region as a major business hub for Asia and Europe.Central Asian medicine trading horse parsley von Humboldt was the offshoot to refer to the region as Central Asia. As seen in descriptor 2, the concept what makes up the region has changed together with the current powers in the region. The region for the roughly develop of the century was under Soviet Rule. Borders were redefined after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and succeeding wars and conflicts in the region (Afghanistan, 2006) The innovative concept of the geographic region implys Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Western China, nonetheast Iran, Afghanistan and Western Pakistan. The region has suffered inveterate incidents of well-bred personnel from ethnical and militant groups (Olcott Udalova, 2000). After the family 11th bombings, the US invasion of Afghanistan put the region into the limelight. In the course of this global scrutiny, the international community has realized the key routine that the region plays in the establishment of stability and security in the region and the Middle East. Another issue that became a hig hlight is the step-up significance of the region in the opium and heroin drug trade ( join Nations Information Service UNIS, 2005). The problem of drug trafficking in the region break ined its current structure after the Cold War. One of the key factors that is an imperative concern in the region is border management and security. The lack of economic opportunities is also an underlying factor in the pervasiveness of illegal drug business and distribution (Cornell, 2006).The growing presence of crime groups is also capitalizing on the illegal drug trade to finance its operations. The region has seen a direct correlation of the trade with cross-border crime, trafficking or arms and people, money laundering and terrorism. Swanstrom (2001) oral sexs outs that the concern in the region is not only in its persona a major producer but the greater concern should be focused in its role as a transit point. He estimates that the region depart not be able to develop unless it maiden s tops being the preferred channel of packing drugs.The region is home to a rich ethnic history. The region which is the key element of the Eurasian continent represents a marriage of cultures of the East and West. Ethnic groups standardised Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, British and the Soviets. The regions of Central Asia, particularly the Soviet beas be the ones that most industrialized and essential infrastructure. However these regions bring on also experiences a high degree of cultural repression. This has constituted a psychology distrust of governing body in valuing local leaderships more (Central Asia, 2006).Afghanistan Afghanistan serves as the gateway to Asia and the Middle East. It has been a focal point for trade dating back to the beginnings of caramel caravans and the Silk Road. As a nation, it was established by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 and was part of the United Kingdoms territories until the early 20th century. The conclusion of th e Anglo-Afghan war in 1919 restored the nations independence. The land embodimentd in the international once more when it was invaded by Russia in 1979. After the onanism of Russia in the 1990s, the Taliban, a fundamentalist Muslim group that traces its origins in Iran and Pakistan took control of the outlandish.The Taliban control conduct 90% of the province plot of land the remaining 10% was under the control of resistance forces led by Ahmad Shah Massoud. Massoud was assassinated in September 9, 2001 two days before the bombing of the World Trade Center in the United States. well-nigh believe that Osama Bin Laden, leader of the extremist Al Qaeda ordered his assassination as a schema in the event that the US partner with the Afghan resistance forces against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The US led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 in pursuit of Bin Laden, Al Qaeda has deposed the Taliban and has supported the Presidency of Hamid Karzai. The republic today is still hosting th e NATO troops authorized in December 2001 by the UNs Security Council as part of an effort to establish the authority and leadership of the new Afghan governing (Afghanistan, 2006). In Figure 5, it is shown that Afghanistan today is the undeniable leader the opium and heroin market. This, together with its strategic geographic position in the region makes it the keystone in the drug trade in Central Asia (UN Security Council, 2003). It is estimated that the country now supplies 75% of the field wide market, one third of which ends up in Europe.There has been success in the aras of husbandry but the production from the products has not diminished proportionately (McDermott, 2006). According to Lubin (2001), the farming of opium is remaining a fix in rural agricultural because of the lack of economic opportunities for farmers. The presence of felonious networks in Afghanistan, like the rest of the other countries in the region, is discouraging foreign investment (Swanstrom, 200 3). The criminal groups are also being credit with interfering with the government, inciting insurgency and encouraging corruption. The UN has sponsored designs to insure the issues that are escalating the drug trade in the country. The primary heading is to decrease production with the combination of impelling regulation and providing support for farmers in the country. Through the Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UN ODCCP), programs are also trying to place criminal groups establish in the country, the region and the Golden Triangle. Consequently, the conduct that are link to Afghanistan are also become the target of international police programs (Lubin, 2001)Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan traces its origins to a mix of Kipchak and Mongol ancestry that settled in Russias Tuva region approximately in the 10th century. When the Mongol empire took possession of the territory of the Kyrgyz people, they opted to operate southward seeking refuge from the Mongol Hordes. It was in the 1400s that the Kyrgyz emerged as a group and was incorporated into the Russian territories reservation up its Empire. The Russian put one acrossover was meant with significant resistance and fractioned the Kyrgyz people to Afghanistan, the Pamir region and China. The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was founded in 1919 and in December 5, 1936, it was officially accepted as a republic of the Soviet Union.Tension in the Osh Oblast betwixt Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in 1990 marked the beginning of a series of violent confrontations that lasted from June to August of the year. Order was restored due to significant reforms and a new leadership in the government. It was also at this time that the country joined people of Independent States which was made up of the Central Asian Republics. Before the end of 1990, the Supreme Soviet formally changed the name of the ground to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan which in 1993 became the Kyrgyz Republic.More recent emergences in the country include the Tulip mutation in March 2005 that forced the resignation of Askar Akayev and installed Kurmanbek Bakiyev as President and Minister Feliks Kulov as Prime Minister. The country has yet been able to stabilize politics in the country. This has stunted growth in the country and at the same time has encouraged crime and militant and terrorist groups. There is still significant inter-ethnic tension, historically a perennial concern for the nation, affecting civil order and compromising security and efficiency of government (Kyrgyzstan, 2006). Kyrgyzstans involvement in the drug trade in Central Asia is not in cultivation or production. The role of the country in the drug trade lies in its strategic viability to transport drugs to Europe from the major produces such as Afghanistan. Turkmenistan and Tajikistan feel historically been more involved in the transport of drugs form Central Asia as well as those from South East Asia.However, as drug traffickers expand their operations in the region, Kyrgyzstan along with Kazakhstan, is becoming another key channel for the drug trade (Kyrgyzstan Confronted by Narcotics Nightmare As Drug Trade Booms, 2006). As seen in Table 1, opiate seizures in the country remain comparatively pocket-sized and stable compared with its neighbors. This indicates that though there are significant amounts at any devoted time of opiates and its derivatives in Kyrgyzstan (UNODC, 2006b), there are very few seizures. This may be an indication that its presence is more transitory. resembling with the situation of farmers in Afghanistan, one of the reasons for the prevalence of the trade is lack of economic opportunity. More significantly in Kyrgyzstan rather than in Afghanistan is the security of its borders. The existing civil unrest in the country has limited the resources to monitoring device the security of its borders, easing the transportation of not only drugs but also arms and people (Burke, 2001). As a country that only post a per capita income of $2,900, among the lowest in the world, drug trafficking provides an irresistible tempt to the impoverished citizens (Swanstrom, 2001). The country has been one of the first to establish anti-narcotics and supporting trafficking laws. For a long time, the laws acted more as prevention rather than actual part of policing efforts. Traffickers previously concentrated on Turkmenistan and Tajikistan in transporting drugs. However, the industry has bountiful in the region so much that crime organizations are trying to expand the channels lendable to them (Marat, 2006).Saidazimova (2005) has pointed out that the existing drugs in the region are not just the one produced there but is also made up of drugs from the Golden Triangle. Following the international operations of a transnational corporation, dealers are competing not just for the availability but also the control of the channels of distribution. Thus, many of the drug syndicates are trying to develop new transpor t systems and indications from studies conducted by the UN and EU are showing that Kyrgyzstan is becoming a popular option for them (Swanstrom, 2001)Impact of the Drug Trade In theory, crime is primarily a concern for the police. However, because of the desire of organized crime to create the conditions that suit them, they try to undermine government, security and civil society. If the assure is secure and has the necessary infrastructure for administration or governance, and then it can mange and deter the machinations of organized crime.In the case of Central Asian countries, this is not a capability that is readily available. The presence of organized crime that is responsible for the illegal drug trade has undermined the security, state institutions, encouraged the corruption, political instability and violence, and has exacerbated relations among the countries in the region (Cornell, 2006).SecurityThe drug trade is profiting from the uncommon resources allotted for the admi nistration of the countries borders. Because of the lack or border patrols, the transport of the drugs has been made easier for the traffickers. Land-based transport has been traditionally avoided by traffickers because it was considered riskier than air or sea freight (Esfandiari, 2004). It has increase in viability that even the Golden Triangle is choosing Central Asia to traffic their drugs instead of following the unwritten historical territorial jurisdiction of their operations (Saidazimova, 2005). Better drug control programs against the Golden Triangle down been effective in limiting transportation of drugs produced in the region. At the same time, the crackdown on production has been effective in diminishing the industry in the region (see Figure 5).Security in the areas of the country were the drug trade has its strongholds has severely compromised state and civil security. Reports in Afghanistan of syndicates attacking security convoys, both those of the Afghan government and UN forces are prevalent (Drug Industry Threatens to Derail Afghanistans State Building, 2006). At first, the attacks were attributed to Taliban forces but recent education from investigations in the affected areas reveal that a significant number of the forces were either a combination of Taliban and drug syndicates or just the syndicates themselves (Nazemroaya, 2006).In the case of Kyrgyztan, prior to the Tulip Revolution, there have been reports in the national text file that crime syndicates were fetching control of rural areas in the country amidst the political disorder in the countrys capitals (Kyrgyztan, 2006). The country is very vulnerable in its stage today investor confidence and industries has to be construct up significantly. Analysts believe that unless the country can be able to address its security issues, very pocket-sized progress can be achieved in this objective (Esfandiari, 2004). This is one of the motivation of drug syndicates to provoke crime so tha t legitimate business do not develop in competitor with their enterprise.State Institutions The government is dealing with the trade not just as its protagonist but also internally. In both Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan, there has been some concern regarding the link of government officials to the drug trade. The weak presence of government in remote regions is also becoming an advantage for the drug syndicates.According to Olcott and Udalova (2000), in some areas, the traffickers are even presenting themselves as the legitimate government. Some do not even bother with subterfuge and simply sweep over the locals for their operations. More alarming is that some local even begin supporting these groups because they seemingly provide livelihood to them temporary hookup at the same time become more real to them than the legitimate government so far away in their respective nations capitals (UNIS, 2005).In Afghanistan, the Taliban has long been linked to the syndicates. This implies that even if the Taliban were not dynamic in terrorist activities, its role as a government institution is marred by its link to the drug trade. Some have even implied that the profit from the opium trade during the Taliban occupation, estimated to have ranged between US$ 10 gazillion to US$ 75 million, was one of the core partnerships the organization has with the Al Qaeda (Lubin, 2001).In Kyrgyztan, there have also been claims of the link of some government officials to the Russian mafia concerned with the drug trade. The weakness of state institutions has been credited with the expansion of the drug trade channel linking Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia with the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang and Yunnan (Swanstrm, 2003). putrescence Related to the link of government officials directly or indirectly to the drug trade is the problem of corruption. decomposition can be in the form asking favors in the form of leniency as vengeance for support to the official. Another form of corruption is the utilization of proceeds from the trade as protection and bonus (UNODC, 2006a). One of the deterrents in addressing the drug trafficking problem is the execution of the intervention programs.The UNs Security Council has pointed out that in order to be able to effectively to deal with the problem, government has to be able to show its unity and authority. If government efforts are perceived as corruptible then instead of discouraging the drug traffickers, it may even be an encouragement for them. The issue does not even require that a government is resolutely corrupt, the mere state of being more corrupt than another nation, regardless of actual prevalence, can significantly increase a countrys preference to the drug trade.The using of the drug trade in Kyrgyztan has been associated with the corrupt Russian military officers who were based in Tajikistan. Both the United Nations and the European Union extension them to have developed the cultivation in the coun try as well as established the channels of transportation (Maitra, 2005). None of these claims have been admitted to by the Russian military or have been supported by any study.Regardless of whether the claims are true or not, this only reflects the perception of corruption as linked with the prevalence of the drug trade in the country. According to studies conducted by the UN, the decline of the routes in Iran because due to more effective programs against corruption on its borders has increased the attractiveness of Afghani routes (UNODC, 1999). This, like with the developments in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, have established a route that corruption has encouraged not only for drugs but also for all other forms of contraband.Political Instability and ViolenceDrug traffickers incite and practice violence to coerce people into the trade. This is a strategy to protect their activities as well as to accumulate power. Recent studied have indicated that drug trafficking is the preferred c ash cow of most criminal organizations an is only to be expected that they are more than willing to engage in violence to protect it (Maitra, 2005).Tamara Makarenko of the University of Saint Andrews in Scotlands Center for the field of Terrorism and Political Violence says that competition among the criminal networks in the trade is also a endorser to the level of violence (Esfandiari, 2005). This level of violence has severely affected the political stability warlords are taking over government positions there has been censorship of the real prevalence of drugs and the control of resources (UN Security Council, 2003).Makarenko has alluded that the sheer order of the drug trade has effectively affected all levels of the political system, from the citizenry to the states themselvesThe trade itself is so spacious in Central Asia now and there are so many different types of people and groups involved, that the strategy that has to be considered is one that involves all different l evels To tackling this as a political problem and to say there is no populate to compromise with warlords (Esfandiari, 2005).He further alludes to the situation in Afghanistan as one that ask political will to r all(prenominal) grassroots of the society since the countrys main concern is production and cultivation (Esfandiari, 2005). Another spectrum that has to be considered is that unless the region is able to become more politically stable and control violence, then little progress in achieving peace and prosperity can be achived which in drama can contribute to further political instability and violence. EU External Relations military commissioner Chris Patten told impertinently independent Central Asian countries like Kyrgyzstan are of strategic magnificence to Europe and EU refinement will allow us to strengthen political and economic ties with the region, while making clear that a sustainable and fruitful relationship requires tangible steps to consolidate civil righ ts and the rule of law. (Maitra, 2005).Inter-Regional RelationsAs international pressure to control the drug trade increases, countries are becoming pressured to control trafficking in give-and-take for funding from relief organizations. This has prompted the development of tension in the region as to whose country is not being effective in solving the drug trade in its borders. Historically, the region has already had significant border issues and the drug trade which relies on trans-border operations is highlighting this conflict (Threat present from the Convergence of unionised Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism, 2000). The link or organized crime groups to terrorism are also change magnitude the inter-regional pressure. With the international crackdown on terrorism, nations fear that they will become identified with terrorists or that they become caught in the waiver line of the pursuit against them.An example for this kind of development was shown when the Taliban came into power in Afghanistan in 1996. In the cause of transporting the opium produced in Afghanistan, traffickers took virtual control of the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. In defense of the problem of drug trafficking in Kyrgyztan, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev is pointing out that the country has a low cultivation and production level of opium and that it is being wrong the ineffectivity of the drug programs of its neighbors (Swanstrom, 2001).In 2003, the Central Asian region expressed its concern when US troops associate with known Afghan warlords in pursuing Taliban cells. The concern for is rooted from the identification of these warlords as drug traffickers. (Maitra, 2005). This move has embossed concerns that Afghanistans drug lords, who control most of the drug trades in the region, are being given concessions for their support to US Forces. The development has contributed to the perception that regional cooperation is not feasible and that nations have to guard th eir backs against each other in the war against the drug trade.The Future of the Drug Trade The UNs goals of globally eradicating drugs are not anymore an achievable target. One weakness of the programs is that it focused on the trade itself. The focus was in policing the trade, apprehending traffickers and eliminating the channels of trade (Nazemroaya, 2006). Though the efforts have been earnest, it failed to address the nature of the drug problem in Central Asia. Programs that were designed were more like programs to eliminate the use of drugs. In Central Asia, only 10% of the drugs produced are consumed locally, it more economic to transport it to Europe and Russia (Kyrgyz State Commission on Drug Control, 1999). The United Nations, European Union and Central Asian countries have reviewed their programs to address the roots of the drug problem in the region. The individualized programs in Central Asia is trying to alleviate the hold of drug syndicates in rural area, particular ly the wide cultivation of opium in Afghanistan and the developing role of Kyrgyzstan in the transport of opium produced in Afghanistan. Programs include the creation of economic opportunities in the problem areas, strengthening government in the areas and demilitarization of criminal groups (Olcott Udalova, 2000).Trends According to studies conducted by the UNODC, the prevalence of opiate drugs is relatively stable however this elan is not being reflected in Central Asia. This implies that though the world trend is declining because of better control in key regions like the Golden Triangle, the Golden Crescent trade is still prospering if not benefiting by international drug control (UNODC, 1999). Before, the main means of measuring prevalence has been the seizure rates but the UN and the EU have now incorporated rehabilitation indicators to assess the pervasiveness of the drug abuse. To measure the reach how much of the drugs produced is being consumed by the market. From the s urvey of drugs users seeking rehabilitation from opiate use, it can be inferred that more people are gaining access to the products form Central Asia. As illustrated in Figure 6, the increase of those seeking opiate rehabilitation has increased except in Africa by as much as 32%. It is exhibiting the highest incidence in rehabilitation from 2000 to 2006 (UNODC, 2006a). The Border Management programme in Central Asia (BOMCA) and the Central Asian Drug Action Programme (CADAP) are becoming the key action bodies addressing drug trafficking in the region. Their first part of the programs were concentrating on creating assessment reports on border management capacities, cookery for management and policing and the possible areas of cooperation not only within the region but also with the EU and the UN. (BOMCA, 2005). In 2004, the BOMCA and CADAP worked with legislation of laws and upgraded training programs for border patrol in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The prog rams were conducted in cooperation with EU border police officers and included strategic and computer engineering science training. Saidazimova (2005) points out that the region respond to this challenge independently as nations and as a region. The control of the Golden Triangle trade can provide insights to the strategies necessary for strategies. The approach should involve a global placement but a local approach. The drug trade in Central Asia will continue to figure prominently in the EUs concerns and is a strategic element in dictatorial drugs in Europe, particularly opiates. Analysts believe that most programs and actions that will be enforce will be by non-Central Asian interest groups like the EU and the UN because the region itself has limited resources to dent the trade activities.Strategies The current action in addressing the drug trade today is taking a multi-faceted approach. The strategy seems to be combat the problems at all levels at the same time. The objectiv e is to suffocate the drug trade and break linkages so that it becomes fragmented. This will address the viability of the trafficking and in turn will remove the profit from cultivation and production (UN Security Council, 2003). Consider the BOMCA-CADAP strategy. Their programs include high-level advice and guidance in upgrading legislation, to delivering expertise in airport security, or the use of dogs to detect drugs. This considers the importance of the political and executive will to implement control programs. Through these efforts that essential legislation and infrastructures are developed to address the situations. Without the requisite legislation that is uniform in the regions countries, there will not be a comprehensive deterioration of the trade.Differential legislation may make one country become a haven for the traffickers when punishment is perceived to be more lenient. The establishment of the needed infrastructure to address the problem operationally is also seen as key factor. When border patrols dont have the capability to pursue and apprehend traffickers, it makes the effort wasted. If the border patrols are outgunned or out-resourced by the traffickers, they are not only endangered but also can enhance the position of the traffickers as powers in the region (BOMCA, 2005). The EUs participation in the fight has shifted from border control to the creation of programs addressing the economic and social factors underlying the drug trade. Studies have indicated that if programs are cventerd on border dontrol, traffickers only deveise new ways to transport the drugs. This additional risk has even the effect of jacking up prices and in turn makes the trade even more lucrative (Nazemroaya, 2006). The EU is also providing support to regional programs such as BOMCA-CADAP by providing technical training support as well. An effort by EU Member States led by Austria is providing funding and program development in the region (BOMCA, 2005). On the par t of the UN, there are several of its branches that are providing the needed research and information for the development of the programs. Among these branches are the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UNIS and the UNODC. The UNDP is formulating the programs to address the economic and industrial development of rural areas in the region to attack the problem at the production level (UNODC, 1999). The programs are focusing on development of agriculture and the other legitimate industries.One of the major developments to be undertaken in the side by side(p) five years is the utilization of the same drug trade routes to make transport hubs to Europe for products from Continental Asia. On the other hand the UNODC is conduting a regional and coutry survey of the actual prevalence of the opium trade. One of the first parts of their study included the grading of cultivation in the region (UNODC, 2006a). The nest level of the studiest they are to conduct will be grease toward the identif ication of specific criminal activites to the trade.This is an effort to understand further the link of activities like terrorism and money laundering to drug trafficking in the region. The UNIS primary objectives for the next bracing of year sis to provide information regarding the accomplishment of the 2008 UN General Assembly Special Sessions drug control objectives. The UNIS is providing important information to individual countries who can not afford to conduct the studies themselves while at the same time establishing correlation that can provide insights for the programs (UNIS, 2005)Conclusion Significant increase in the global production and trading of opium and coca derived drugs were first taken note of in the 1970s and last decreased in momentum by the 1990s (Burnham Burnham, 1997). The probability that the objectives set by the UNs General Assembly for 2008 can be achieved based on current levels of illegal drug trafficking is unlikely.We can take comfort that control of the trade is possible. In the first couple of years of the century, Afghanistan was able to bring down opium production due to enforcement of the Taliban (Drug Industry Threatens to Derail Afghanistans State Building, 2006). However, the means by which the Taliban was able to affect the development is not one that can be considered an option by the UN or other states it enables violent persecution that in the course of its objectives victimized innocent farmers as well (Lubin, 2001). The drug trade and rafficking in the region as Svante E Cornell says is one that is the result of the complex evolution of organized crime as a security challenge in Eurasia (p.29). The drug trades effect of developing duskiness economies affords it opportunities to infiltrate legitimate institutions in the society and even take control of it. When this happens, the state becomes at the benevolence of criminal elements whose central concern is profit.In Kyrgyzstan, the effect of the drug trade has not just raised concerns against the prevalence of a crime but also has significantly affected the stability of the country. The Kyrgyz have had success in being able to achieve progress in crating the necessary policies mainly thorough its fortunate social activists but it has yet been able to successful stem the infiltration of drug organization in its economy (Burke, 2001). Though no specific data is available, local media has been vocal in its concerns and they seem to have a reason to be concerned (Cornell, 2006). According to initial information gather by studies conducted by the UNODC, there may be a factual basis to media fears expressed in Kyrgyzstan (UNODC, 1999).Of all the nations in the region, Afghanistan poses the greatest challenge and the greatest potential of creating an impact against the world trade of drugs that is centered in the Central Asian Region. If the cultivation of the opium is effectively reduced in Afghanistan the world supply of the material can be e ffectively reduced. The action must be decisive, otherwise, it only increase the status of drug traffickers in the region among the local people.Makarenko believes that, There is no room to compromise with known drug traders. There is no room to compromise with corrupt officials. We have to clean things up today because if we dont, this becomes ingrained within society (Esfandiari, 2005). all(prenominal) effort has to be done from Afghanistan becoming a narco-state. This will not only deter the development of Afghanistan but also of the rest of the region not to mention the prevalence of opium in the rest of world (Cornell, 2006).In conclusion, it is the prevalent and progressive feebleness of the states in Central Asia because of civil conflicts is the factor that has commenced the development of criminal activities in the region. The success of the drug organizations is primarily because of the lack of economic opportunities in the region where they are most prevalent. This anoth er reason why framers become involved in the trade the farming of opium poppies is more profitable than any other produce and in a country where all supplies are so scarce and overpriced, it has become the only means of survival.RecommendationsPrograms in the region should focus on increasing stability in the countries in the region. localize should be given on Afghanistan because it is pivotal in controlling of the supply of opium as well as on Kyrgyzstan because it provides the chance to create a model for control. If the development of the trade in Kyrgyzstan is controlled in its beginning stages, it can provide fundamental elements to the proliferation of the trade.Kyrgyzstan has the potential of creating the strategies needed because of a proactive civil social that has previously successful in bringing forth change in the society. There has been more vocalized concerning the infiltration of syndicates into the government and businesses. Regional programmers should capitalize on this unique opportunity to crate the effective agenda against the drug trade.The pivotal factor in the battle against drug trafficking in the region and the rest of the world is the control of the production in Afghanistan. To be able to do this, government infrastructures have to established and enforced in rural areas of the country.The UNs various objectives to support the economic recovery of the country should be continued. Focus on developing communication in identified key areas is essential to create response units that can properly control the problem. The US action of partnering with warlords who have links with the drug trade should not be encouraged. Afghanistan is at a stage that it is trying to establish its authority and sovereignty and consorting with the elements that undermine this can severely deter progress in the country.The ultimate solution to the problem can only be achieved by determined and definitive programs. Programs should reflect the urgency of the situation. Programs should be able to address all levels of the trade through creating preventive measures as well developmental elements like education, rehabilitation and cooperation. Unless the programs gain the support of civil society, then the program will not be able to achieve their full potential. Also, programs should take into consideration more than geopolitical elements into the proposed solutions. The regions cultural history and experience have combined to create a society that is prone to factionalism but at the same time has a sense of cultural individuality that is unique and beyond boundaries.The international community must to take the concerns in the region as if it was their own. Central Asian states do not have the resources to tackle the problem themselves. However, this does not diminish the urgency of controlling the drug trade that amplifies crime, empowers adulterous activities and terrorism and destabilizes the state. Insurgent, criminal and terrorist organizations will continue to engage in illicit drug activities because of the magnitude of the financial gains that can be sourced from it. Unless people are given alternatives for livelihood, cultivation will continue. Unless government and civil society work together in politically, socially and ethnically sensitive program, no real success can be achieved.ReferencesAfghanistan (2006). Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on December 4, 2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfghanistanBorder Management Programme In Central Asia (BOMCA) (2005). Boosting Border Management Drug Control In Central Asia. Brussels, Belgium BOMCACornell, Svante E. (2006). The Narcotics Threat in Greater Central Asia From Crime-Terror Nexus to State Infiltration?. 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